5,577 research outputs found
Control and Communication Protocols that Enable Smart Building Microgrids
Recent communication, computation, and technology advances coupled with
climate change concerns have transformed the near future prospects of
electricity transmission, and, more notably, distribution systems and
microgrids. Distributed resources (wind and solar generation, combined heat and
power) and flexible loads (storage, computing, EV, HVAC) make it imperative to
increase investment and improve operational efficiency. Commercial and
residential buildings, being the largest energy consumption group among
flexible loads in microgrids, have the largest potential and flexibility to
provide demand side management. Recent advances in networked systems and the
anticipated breakthroughs of the Internet of Things will enable significant
advances in demand response capabilities of intelligent load network of
power-consuming devices such as HVAC components, water heaters, and buildings.
In this paper, a new operating framework, called packetized direct load control
(PDLC), is proposed based on the notion of quantization of energy demand. This
control protocol is built on top of two communication protocols that carry
either complete or binary information regarding the operation status of the
appliances. We discuss the optimal demand side operation for both protocols and
analytically derive the performance differences between the protocols. We
propose an optimal reservation strategy for traditional and renewable energy
for the PDLC in both day-ahead and real time markets. In the end we discuss the
fundamental trade-off between achieving controllability and endowing
flexibility
Capacity Estimation for Vehicle-to-Grid Frequency Regulation Services with Smart Charging Mechanism
Due to various green initiatives, renewable energy will be massively
incorporated into the future smart grid. However, the intermittency of the
renewables may result in power imbalance, thus adversely affecting the
stability of a power system. Frequency regulation may be used to maintain the
power balance at all times. As electric vehicles (EVs) become popular, they may
be connected to the grid to form a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system. An aggregation
of EVs can be coordinated to provide frequency regulation services. However,
V2G is a dynamic system where the participating EVs come and go independently.
Thus it is not easy to estimate the regulation capacities for V2G. In a
preliminary study, we modeled an aggregation of EVs with a queueing network,
whose structure allows us to estimate the capacities for regulation-up and
regulation-down, separately. The estimated capacities from the V2G system can
be used for establishing a regulation contract between an aggregator and the
grid operator, and facilitating a new business model for V2G. In this paper, we
extend our previous development by designing a smart charging mechanism which
can adapt to given characteristics of the EVs and make the performance of the
actual system follow the analytical model.Comment: 11 pages, Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Smart Gri
Capacity management of vehicle-to-grid system for power regulation services
Due to green initiatives adopted in many countries, renewable energy will be massively incorporated into the future smart grid. However, the intermittency of the renewables may result in power imbalance, thus adversely affecting the stability of a power system. Voltage regulation may be used to maintain the power balance at all times. As electric vehicles (EVs) become popular, they may be connected to the grid to form a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system. An aggregation of EVs can be coordinated to provide voltage regulation services. However, V2G is a dynamic system where EVs are connected to the grid according to the owners' habits. In this paper, we model an aggregation of EVs with a queueing network, whose structure allows us to estimate the capacities for regulation up and regulation down, separately. The estimated capacities from the V2G system can be used for establishing a regulation contract between an aggregator and the grid operator, and facilitate a new business model for V2G. © 2012 IEEE.published_or_final_versio
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Open-Source, Open-Architecture SoftwarePlatform for Plug-InElectric Vehicle SmartCharging in California
This interdisciplinary eXtensible Building Operating System–Vehicles project focuses on controlling plug-in electric vehicle charging at residential and small commercial settings using a novel and flexible open-source, open-architecture charge communication and control platform. The platform provides smart charging functionalities and benefits to the utility, homes, and businesses.This project investigates four important areas of vehicle-grid integration research, integrating technical as well as social and behavioral dimensions: smart charging user needs assessment, advanced load control platform development and testing, smart charging impacts, benefits to the power grid, and smart charging ratepayer benefits
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A review of microgrid development in the United States – A decade of progress on policies, demonstrations, controls, and software tools
Microgrids have become increasingly popular in the United States. Supported by favorable federal and local policies, microgrid projects can provide greater energy stability and resilience within a project site or community. This paper reviews major federal, state, and utility-level policies driving microgrid development in the United States. Representative U.S. demonstration projects are selected and their technical characteristics and non-technical features are introduced. The paper discusses trends in the technology development of microgrid systems as well as microgrid control methods and interactions within the electricity market. Software tools for microgrid design, planning, and performance analysis are illustrated with each tool's core capability. Finally, the paper summarizes the successes and lessons learned during the recent expansion of the U.S. microgrid industry that may serve as a reference for other countries developing their own microgrid industries
An Overview of Modeling Approaches Applied to Aggregation-Based Fleet Management and Integration of Plug-in Electric Vehicles â€
The design and implementation of management policies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) need to be supported by a holistic understanding of the functional processes, their complex interactions, and their response to various changes. Models developed to represent different functional processes and systems are seen as useful tools to support the related studies for different stakeholders in a tangible way. This paper presents an overview of modeling approaches applied to support aggregation-based management and integration of PEVs from the perspective of fleet operators and grid operators, respectively. We start by explaining a structured modeling approach, i.e., a flexible combination of process models and system models, applied to different management and integration studies. A state-of-the-art overview of modeling approaches applied to represent several key processes, such as charging management, and key systems, such as the PEV fleet, is then presented, along with a detailed description of different approaches. Finally, we discuss several considerations that need to be well understood during the modeling process in order to assist modelers and model users in the appropriate decisions of using existing, or developing their own, solutions for further applications
A conceptual V2G aggregation platform
In this work is proposed the design of a system to create and handle an Electric Vehicle (EV) community,
based on social networks collaborative approach and a credit mechanism to incentive participation and divide profits.
This system is part of a V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) module that allows EV owners to be aggregated in communities and
participate in the electricity market. With this system it is possible for the EV owners to win money while the EVs are
parked and plugged, delivering back to the electrical grid part of the energy stored in the batteries, increasing the
attractiveness of EVs.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - Project MIT-Pt/EDAM-SMS/0030/2008.MIT-Portugal Progra
Optimal Online Charging Coordination of Plug in Electric Vehicles in Unbalanced Grids for Ancillary Voltage Support
This PhD thesis will propose an optimal online charge control through genetic algorithm for G2V coordination of PEVs (OL-C-TP) in unbalanced systems. Moreover the algorithm will be extended to also include V2G coordination and offer ancillary voltage support (OL-CD-TPQ) by considering two different methods based on the utility time-of-day prices for exporting reactive power and droop controller for decentralized exporting of reactive power. Then the performance of OL-CD-TPQ by switching PEVs in three phase unbalanced networks is improved
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