Online Education Using Learning Objects

Review of Online Education Using Learning Objects Rory McGreal (ed) London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2004, 352pp. ISBN-13: 978-0415335126 (hbk

Object lessons : a learning object approach to e-learning for social work education

Learning objects are bite-sized digital learning resources designed to tackle the e-learning adoption problem by virtue of their scale, adaptability, and interoperability. The learning object approach advocates the creation of small e-learning resources rather than whole courses: resources that can be mixed and matched; used in a traditional or online learning environment; and adapted for reuse in other discipline areas and in other countries. Storing learning objects within a subject specific digital repository to enable search, discovery, sharing and use adds considerable value to the model. This paper explores the rationale for a learning object approach to e-learning and reflects on early experiences in developing a national learning object repository for social work education in Scotland

Is there a role for online repositories in e-Learning?

Many universities across Europe are introducing, or thinking of introducing, an online repository for learning and teaching materials. Evidence from development projects in the UK suggests that tutors are willing to share resources with each other. Yet they do not at present make much use of online repositories. Why is this? What can be done? Are repositories a good idea? Our article will explore and answer these questions. The authors together lead a project called “Developing Repositories at Worcester” (DRaW) funded by the UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)

e-Learning Nudism: Stripping Context from Content

Educational economics plays an increasing role in university development. In order to attract students well developed curricula are needed and they are expected to contain a fair amount of digital resources, which are much more expensive to create than sheets of paper in the old days. The flip side is: they can be sold. Whereas hand-outs remained an obscure asset, suitably organized electronic courseware promises to become a major business. As "Learning Management Systems" offer comprehensive services to entire universities at substantial costs, university administrators try to channel traditional teaching into new formats, hoping to serve more students at lesser expense. One catchword, capturing those concerns, is "learning object". A learning object is the equivalent of a chunk of beef, registered according to some classificatory scheme, marked by a stamp of approval by some authority, deep-frozen and waiting for delivery. Here is a more respectable description. Learning objects are digital entities designed to be used (and re-used) in learning activities.[1] They are supposed to be independent of specific educational settings, disengaged from more comprehensive courses. Information pertaining to their educational, technical and legal status is to be captured by meta-data accompanying the objects. Learning object repositories (LORs) collect those molecular units and offer facilities for search and peer evaluation

Reuse as heuristic : from transmission to nurture in learning activity design

In recent years a combination of ever more flexible and sophisticated Web technologies and an explosion in the quantity of online content has sparked learning technologists around the world to pursue the promise of the 'reusable learning object' or RLO with the idea that RLOs could be reused in different educational contexts, thereby providing greater overall flexibility and return on investment. In 2002 the ACETS Project undertook a three-year study in the UK to investigate whether RLOs worked in practice and how the pursuit of reuse affected the teacher and their teaching. Teachers working in healthcare-related subjects in Higher and Further Education were asked to create an original learning design or activity from third-party digital resources and to reflect both on the process and its outcomes. The expectation was that teachers would be the ones selecting and reusing third-party materials. This paper describes how one of the ACETS exemplifiers reinterpreted this remit, challenged the anticipated transmissive model of learning, and instead, gave their students an opportunity to create their own original learning designs and learning activities from third-party digital resources. By describing the educational enhancements, the resulting heightened levels of critical thinking, and sensitivity to patient needs, 'reuse' will be shown to be an effective heuristic for student self-direction and professional development

Digital learning objects: A need for educational leadership

Despite increasing interest in technology-assisted education, technology-based instructional design still lacks support from a reliable body of empirical research. This dearth of reliable information hampers its integration into mainstream school systems. In fact, many teachers remain resistant to using technology in the classroom. In order to overcome teacher resistance to technology in the classroom, we have sought to follow a process described by Friesen to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the educational use of digital learning objects (DLOs) from the teachers' point of view. This article explores the opportunities and challenges inherent in using digital learning objects and reports on the impact of DLO use at both the classroom and school levels. By providing research that links students' use of DLOs with the development of key competencies, we hope to sharpen teachers' visions of how DLOs can help them achieve their educational goals, and to encourage DLO uptake for educational purposes. Finally, we envision a DLO that can assist school principals in the facilitation of educational leadership and help transform teachers' attitudes toward technology-based teaching

Proposition of pedagogical element in Learning Object metadata

Learning object metadata (LOM) is a method used to identify and describe learning object behaviour, function and used. Metadata in particular is used specifically to assist in retrieving any forms of digital objects available on the network, as such the advance based searching used in most search engines is often referred to as metadata based searching or metadata retrieval method. As learning object (LO) is a form of digital object, evidently metadata is also recognised as the method used in accessing and retrieving LO. Therefore in achieving good search results, it is pre-eminent to determine the element details that would be beneficial to users. This leads to the importance of identifying specific metadata elements needed to describe learning object, in which IEEE LTSC had taken the initiative to establish the LOM standard. The IEEE LOM standard derived has 77 metadata elements distributed among nine categories. Although the standard is widely adopted among LO practitioners and researchers world wide, currently it is highly debated that the existing LOM standard is lack of contextual and pedagogical elements. Researchers argued that existing elements on IEEE LOM do not address all aspects of LO context and the elements are merely used as a means for discovering, sharing and reusing LO. Although measures have been taken by various research groups in the American and European region to include new metadata elements to address context and pedagogical issues, these are still insufficient as most are centred to be of service to a specific learning environment or to the patron organisation. This initiate the current work to provide more general based metadata elements as such context level is enhanced and pedagogical role is included in LOM elements. The determination of new metadata element that addresses context and pedagogical role involves identification of related theories, in which these are analysed thoroughly through comparison and adaptability aspects. As a result a new extended element is proposed and it is currently being used in MELOR (Malaysian Educational Learning Object Repository). It is belief that the element proposed is able to assist users in searching specific objects tailored to their needs and also add pedagogical and context values into LOM and LO specifically. (Authors' abstract

A learning object success story

This paper outlines an approach to designing a course entirely in learning objects. It provides a theoretical basis for the design and then presents evaluation data from a master’s level course using this design. It also describes several re-uses of the learning objects on other courses and in different contexts. Each learning object is conceived as a whole learning experience, thus avoiding many of the problems associated with assembling components of disparate kinds

Four scenarios for determining the size and reusability of learning objects

&lt;span&gt;The best method for determining the size of learning objects (LOs) so as to optimise their reusability has been a topic of debate for years now. Although there appears to be agreement on basic assumptions, developed guidelines and principles are often in conflict. This study shows that this confusion stems from the fact that in the literature, hardly any attention is paid to different types of reusability. This study not only shows that there are different types of reusability, but also that different types of reusability go together with different principles for developing LOs and for determining LO size. A grounded theory analysis was performed on separate statements on LO development in 71 selected publications from LO literature. This resulted in the development of four scenarios for LO development, each with their own definition of reusability and their own principle for determining the size of LOs. A field test with 11 experts showed that the scenarios are recognisable. In higher education, educational technologists often assist amateur LO developers. Educational technologists can use the scenarios to determine which definition of reusability is applicable to their situation and which principle for determining the size of LOs should be applied.&lt;/span&gt;</jats:p