Precision spectroscopy by photon-recoil signal amplification

Precision spectroscopy of atomic and molecular ions offers a window to new physics, but is typically limited to species with a cycling transition for laser cooling and detection. Quantum logic spectroscopy has overcome this limitation for species with long-lived excited states. Here, we extend quantum logic spectroscopy to fast, dipole-allowed transitions and apply it to perform an absolute frequency measurement. We detect the absorption of photons by the spectroscopically investigated ion through the photon recoil imparted on a co-trapped ion of a different species, on which we can perform efficient quantum logic detection techniques. This amplifies the recoil signal from a few absorbed photons to thousands of fluorescence photons. We resolve the line center of a dipole-allowed transition in 40Ca+ to 1/300 of its observed linewidth, rendering this measurement one of the most accurate of a broad transition. The simplicity and versatility of this approach enables spectroscopy of many previously inaccessible species.Comment: 25 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, updated supplementary information, fixed typo

Religion and Science unification

Speaking for God has been part of religion for many years. However, science has come in the past few years to question that role or even our very ability to speak about God in general. My goal is to show that dogmatism, under any form, is wrong. And even though dogmatism had for a long time been associated with ill-intentioned religion, nowadays science has replaced religion in the throne of doctrinaire thinking. The point of the paper is to illustrate that one-way thinking is never correct – most of the times a combination of science and religion, measurements and theoretical thinking, logic and intuition, is required to draw a conclusion about the most important philosophical questions. The paper establishes that exact sciences can be very useful, but they also have limits. The Religion-vs-Science problem is a pseudo-problem; logic and evidence can easily be used to defend theistic views. Both science and religion use common tools and methods and can be unified in a new way of thinking. This paper sets the foundations on how this can be achieved. The conclusion is that science and religion both complete our knowledge for the world, our understanding of humans and our purpose in life. Speaking about God is part of science as well as of religion. Only when we think of God as theologians and as scientists at the same time can we fully reach Him

Application of Fuzzy Logic in Job Satisfaction Performance Problem

AbstractJob satisfaction has been a popular topic of research for many decades. The interest in this topic has attracted psychologists, management scholars and, more recently, economists. Most of the studies conducted in the area of job satisfaction have been based on statistical methods. However these methods cannot account for the fact that basic facets of job satisfaction, such as Activity, Independence, Variety, Social status, and Supervision-human relations, to name but a few, are evaluated based on perceptions which do not provide precise numeric information. Information supported by perceptions can be processed more adequately by using fuzzy logic. In this paper we suggest fuzzy if-then rules based expert system to describe relations between job factors and overall job satisfaction

Being and Historical Change in Hegel\u27s Science

This dissertation, Being and Historical Change in Hegel’s Science of Logic, examines the immanent relationship between metaphysics and history, specifically historical change, through an examination of Hegel’s Science of Logic. It seems to me that this relationship has been under-explored both in metaphysics broadly and Hegel scholarship specifically. For instance, many authors have discussed the role of history in Hegel’s philosophy and many others have focused on his metaphysics. But only a few have discussed how these two aspects immanently intersect with one another; specifically, what the examination of metaphysics can teach us about interpreting history and historical change. My motivation for the project is therefore rooted in answering two basic, interrelated questions: What kind of metaphysics must we articulate that accounts for historical change, where historical change is understood through the lens of contingent ‘ruptures’ with the past such as social/political revolutions or seemingly violent fractures in nature? And second, what must ‘being’ be like, or what primary metaphysical principle, helps us understand such changes? These are the questions that drew me to Hegel’s metaphysics in the Science of Logic. Specifically, I am interested in how Hegel conceives of the structured, intelligible reality of our lived experience not in terms of unity, at least not in the first place, but rather as the historical product of a dynamic tension that is inherent to reality itself. Accordingly, my thesis and contribution is that Hegel posits an element of difference and not identity/unity as the most basic metaphysical element which I further argue opens a space to interpret the conceptual structures that we use to make sense of the world as historically generated and thus open to being undermined, dissolved, and reconstituted. While many authors acknowledge a dynamic element to Hegel’s metaphysics few articulate it in terms of a principle of difference and even fewer in a way that accommodates historical change. Many authors have sought to reconcile such an antagonistic view of reality by arguing that Hegel’s metaphysics contains an implicitly presupposed foundational principle of identity that continuously reasserts itself through the apparent dynamism. This typically gets expressed via Hegel’s most famous category: the Concept. Examples of this include teleological accounts in which being unfolds conceptually through greater complexity in the world. Others take a more epistemic view, emphasizing a goal of developing through dialectic all the conceptual conditions regarding the unity and structure of objects in the world. My contribution is to turn this on its head, so to speak, by showing the inherent antagonism that forms the beginning not only remains throughout the account of the Logic, but that the Concept is in fact the most articulate expression of this principle of difference. The Concept therefore becomes our best category for understanding history as open to radical change in ways that teleological descriptions of history do not

Constraint Logic Programming approach to protein structure prediction

BACKGROUND: The protein structure prediction problem is one of the most challenging problems in biological sciences. Many approaches have been proposed using database information and/or simplified protein models. The protein structure prediction problem can be cast in the form of an optimization problem. Notwithstanding its importance, the problem has very seldom been tackled by Constraint Logic Programming, a declarative programming paradigm suitable for solving combinatorial optimization problems. RESULTS: Constraint Logic Programming techniques have been applied to the protein structure prediction problem on the face-centered cube lattice model. Molecular dynamics techniques, endowed with the notion of constraint, have been also exploited. Even using a very simplified model, Constraint Logic Programming on the face-centered cube lattice model allowed us to obtain acceptable results for a few small proteins. As a test implementation their (known) secondary structure and the presence of disulfide bridges are used as constraints. Simplified structures obtained in this way have been converted to all atom models with plausible structure. Results have been compared with a similar approach using a well-established technique as molecular dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained on small proteins show that Constraint Logic Programming techniques can be employed for studying protein simplified models, which can be converted into realistic all atom models. The advantage of Constraint Logic Programming over other, much more explored, methodologies, resides in the rapid software prototyping, in the easy way of encoding heuristics, and in exploiting all the advances made in this research area, e.g. in constraint propagation and its use for pruning the huge search space

A Review Of R Peak Detection Techniques Of Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Heart disease is one of the trivial issues regarding health problem over the last few decades in India. Numerous methods have been developed with still-ongoing modifications and ideas to observe and evaluate ECG signals based on each heart beat. Majority of research revolves around arrhythmia classification, heart rate monitoring and blood pressure measurements that require highly accurate assessments of rhythm disorders which can be possible by measuring QRS complex of ECG signal, so accurate QRS detection methods are very important to be utilized. There have been proposed many approaches to find out the R peak detection to analyze the ECG signals in past few years. Most recent and efficient techniques of R peak detection have been reviewed in this paper. Techniques which have been reviewed in this paper are Pan and Tompkins, Wavelet Transform, Empirical Mode Decomposition, Hilbert-Huang Transform, Fuzzy logic systems, Artificial neural networks

A Fortiori Logic: Innovations, History and Assessments

A Fortiori Logic: Innovations, History and Assessments is a wide-ranging and in-depth study of a fortiori reasoning, comprising a great many new theoretical insights into such argument, a history of its use and discussion from antiquity to the present day, and critical analyses of the main attempts at its elucidation. Its purpose is nothing less than to lay the foundations for a new branch of logic and greatly develop it; and thus to once and for all dispel the many fallacious ideas circulating regarding the nature of a fortiori reasoning. The work is divided into three parts. The first part, Formalities, presents the author’s largely original theory of a fortiori argument, in all its forms and varieties. Its four (or eight) principal moods are analyzed in great detail and formally validated, and secondary moods are derived from them. A crescendo argument is distinguished from purely a fortiori argument, and similarly analyzed and validated. These argument forms are clearly distinguished from the pro rata and analogical forms of argument. Moreover, we examine the wide range of a fortiori argument; the possibilities of quantifying it; the formal interrelationships of its various moods; and their relationships to syllogistic and analogical reasoning. Although a fortiori argument is shown to be deductive, inductive forms of it are acknowledged and explained. Although a fortiori argument is essentially ontical in character, more specifically logical-epistemic and ethical-legal variants of it are acknowledged. The second part of the work, Ancient and Medieval History, looks into use and discussion of a fortiori argument in Greece and Rome, in the Talmud, among post-Talmudic rabbis, and in Christian, Moslem, Chinese and Indian sources. Aristotle’s approach to a fortiori argument is described and evaluated. There is a thorough analysis of the Mishnaic qal vachomer argument, and a reassessment of the dayo principle relating to it, as well as of the Gemara’s later take on these topics. The valuable contribution, much later, by Moshe Chaim Luzzatto is duly acknowledged. Lists are drawn up of the use of a fortiori argument in the Jewish Bible, the Mishna, the works of Plato and Aristotle, the Christian Bible and the Koran; and the specific moods used are identified. Moreover, there is a pilot study of the use of a fortiori argument in the Gemara, with reference to Rodkinson’s partial edition of the Babylonian Talmud, setting detailed methodological guidelines for a fuller study. There is also a novel, detailed study of logic in general in the Torah. The third part of the present work, Modern and Contemporary Authors, describes and evaluates the work of numerous (some thirty) recent contributors to a fortiori logic, as well as the articles on the subject in certain lexicons. Here, we discover that whereas a few authors in the last century or so made some significant contributions to the field, most of them shot woefully off-target in various ways. The work of each author, whether famous or unknown, is examined in detail in a dedicated chapter, or at least in a section; and his ideas on the subject are carefully weighed. The variety of theories that have been proposed is impressive, and stands witness to the complexity and elusiveness of the subject, and to the crying need for the present critical and integrative study. But whatever the intrinsic value of each work, it must be realized that even errors and lacunae are interesting because they teach us how not to proceed. This book also contains, in a final appendix, some valuable contributions to general logic, including new analyses of symbolization and axiomatization, existential import, the tetralemma, the Liar paradox and the Russell paradox

Harry Crerar and an Army for Strategic Effect

Few people did as much to shape Canada’s Second World War effort, and no single person did as much to shape the Canadian army, as did General H.D.G. “Harry” Crerar. As chief of the general staff during the critical year and a half following the fall of France in June 1940, he was the primary architect of First Canadian Army, established the conditions for the army’s training and expansion, and advised the government to dispatch troops to Hong Kong. As a corps commander, he campaigned for Canadian involvement in the Dieppe raid. And, by 1944, he had assumed command of the army, eventually leading a combined Commonwealth army—the largest ever commanded by a Canadian—during the Rhineland offensive. His views on the form Canada’s military contribution should take became policy, even though many opposed them, including Prime Minister Mackenzie King. Crerar’s achievements (and failures) are explainable, in part, by the nature of the crisis facing Canada and the Commonwealth during the Second World War. Nazi Germany was on the verge of victory in the summer of 1940 and the logic of that situation seemed to dictate, at least in hindsight, that Canada, united in the face of this clear threat to national survival, indeed to western civilization, commit itself to an all-out war effort. From that starting point, Canada’s military effort—a full field army (First Canadian Army) and at war’s end, the third largest navy and the fourth largest air force—seemed logical. But there was nothing predetermined about Canada’s war effort. In the words of a recent critical review of a book on the “fateful choices” made that summer, “more than most periods in history, the summer of 1940 was pregnant with a veritable brood of…plausible futures.”

Toward Black-Box Detection of Logic Flaws in Web Applications

Abstract—Web applications play a very important role in many critical areas, including online banking, health care, and personal communication. This, combined with the limited security training of many web developers, makes web applications one of the most common targets for attackers. In the past, researchers have proposed a large number of white- and black-box techniques to test web applications for the presence of several classes of vulnerabilities. However, traditional approaches focus mostly on the detection of input validation flaws, such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting. Unfortunately, logic vulnerabilities specific to particular applications remain outside the scope of most of the existing tools and still need to be discovered by manual inspection. In this paper we propose a novel black-box technique to detect logic vulnerabilities in web applications. Our approach is based on the automatic identification of a number of behavioral patterns starting from few network traces in which users interact with a certain application. Based on the extracted model, we then generate targeted test cases following a number of common attack scenarios. We applied our prototype to seven real world E-commerce web applications, discovering ten very severe and previously-unknown logic vulnerabilities. I