Energy Conservation in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks Using Relay Nodes

MANET (mobile ad-hoc network) is a self organizing and self-configuring multi hop wireless network. The mobile nodes are normally dedicated to a particular task. Energy conservation in the nodes is a critical issue that can affect the performance of the network drastically. The current methods of saving energy tend to interfere in the normal working of the node thus disrupting the application. The work brings in a new scheme of saving the energy in communication by introducing into the network dedicated, mobility controllable nodes called 'relay nodes' whose working protocols was developed in the thesis. The relay node is governed by a set of equations which determine the flows that the relay node would be handling. This layer operates above the routing layer in the protocol stack. The results conclude that the relay node protocol can save significant energy in the MANET. For a maximum energy savings, single hop network should have higher Epoch time and a multi hop should have a in between Epoch time. Global view generates better results than compared to the Local view though obtaining global view might put and additional burden on the network. Max flow strategy works better than a random flow scenario thus justifying the use of the equations to choose the flows. To obtain Max flow the relay node has to use the equations and calculate the flows it would be servicing using the equations developed. In comparison with other protocols, the relay node approach is much cleaner and equally efficient approach. The relay node protocol does not interfere with the normal working of the MANET node and moulds its working in according with the network situation to conserver power in the MANET node. The MANET node is free from the burden of being concerned with saving of power which could result in sub optimal performance of the application running in the MANET node. The relay node is now responsible for saving power. The MANET nodes can now dedicate themselves completely to the application task. In conclusion we can say that the relay node the relay node approach can save significant energy and thus prolong the longevity of the MANET node in the network.Computer Science Departmen

JTP, an energy-aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (PhD thesis)

Wireless ad-hoc networks are based on a cooperative communication model, where all nodes not only generate traffic but also help to route traffic from other nodes to its final destination. In such an environment where there is no infrastructure support the lifetime of the network is tightly coupled with the lifetime of individual nodes. Most of the devices that form such networks are battery-operated, and thus it becomes important to conserve energy so as to maximize the lifetime of a node. In this thesis, we present JTP, a new energy-aware transport protocol, whose goal is to reduce power consumption without compromising delivery requirements of applications. JTP has been implemented within the JAVeLEN system. JAVeLEN [RKM+08], is a new system architecture for ad hoc networks that has been developed to elevate energy efficiency as a first-class optimization metric at all protocol layers, from physical to transport. Thus, energy gains obtained in one layer would not be offset by incompatibilities and/or inefficiencies in other layers. To meet its goal of energy efficiency, JTP (1) contains mechanisms to balance end-toend vs. local retransmissions; (2) minimizes acknowledgment traffic using receiver regulated rate-based flow control combined with selected acknowledgments and in-network caching of packets; and (3) aggressively seeks to avoid any congestion-based packet loss. Within this ultra low-power multi-hop wireless network system, simulations and experimental results demonstrate that our transport protocol meets its goal of preserving the energy efficiency of the underlying network. JTP has been implemented on the actual JAVeLEN nodes and its benefits have been demonstrated on a real system

JTP, an energy-aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

Wireless ad-hoc networks are based on a cooperative communication model, where all nodes not only generate traffic but also help to route traffic from other nodes to its final destination. In such an environment where there is no infrastructure support the lifetime of the network is tightly coupled with the lifetime of individual nodes. Most of the devices that form such networks are battery-operated, and thus it becomes important to conserve energy so as to maximize the lifetime of a node. In this thesis, we present JTP, a new energy-aware transport protocol, whose goal is to reduce power consumption without compromising delivery requirements of applications. JTP has been implemented within the JAVeLEN system. JAVeLEN~\cite{javelen08redi}, is a new system architecture for ad hoc networks that has been developed to elevate energy efficiency as a first-class optimization metric at all protocol layers, from physical to transport. Thus, energy gains obtained in one layer would not be offset by incompatibilities and/or inefficiencies in other layers. To meet its goal of energy efficiency, JTP (1) contains mechanisms to balance end-to-end vs. local retransmissions; (2) minimizes acknowledgment traffic using receiver regulated rate-based flow control combined with selected acknowledgments and in-network caching of packets; and (3) aggressively seeks to avoid any congestion-based packet loss. Within this ultra low-power multi-hop wireless network system, simulations and experimental results demonstrate that our transport protocol meets its goal of preserving the energy efficiency of the underlying network. JTP has been implemented on the actual JAVeLEN nodes and its benefits have been demoed on a real system

Techniques to enhance the MANET lifetime

Now-a-days more and more devices are getting portable. This have encouraged the development of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). In addition to device portability, MANET does not require, a pre-established network infrastructure. As a result they can be easily deployed in situations like emergency rescue and disaster management.However, there are certain issues that are inherent to MANET such as hidden and exposed terminal problem, limited bandwidth, limited processing and battery power.These issues need to be addressed for successful deployment of MANET.Nodes in MANET are run by battery power. Sometimes, it is difficult to replace and/or re-charge the battery. Therefore, to increase the longevity of the network, the available battery power must be judiciously used. In this thesis we have proposed two techniques to enhance the lifetime of MANET. They are: (i) Distance Based Topology Control with Sleep Scheduling (DBSS), and (ii) Alternate Path based Power Management using Clustering (APMC).DBSS is based on topology control method. In DBSS the network topology is modified by adjusting the node’s transmission power. Nodes that is geographically closer to the destination node is selected as the next-hop node for routing the traffic. Nodes that are not involved in on-going transmission are put to sleep state, to conserve energy. APMC is based on transmission power management method. In APMC node disjoint alternate paths are computed. The traffic is routed through k-alternate paths,so that no nodes on a path depletes its energy at a faster rate than other nodes. A clustering mechanism is employed to control the routing activity. The network is logically divided into number of clusters. A node within each cluster is selected as cluster-head. In the absence of traffic cluster-head put the nodes on that path to sleep state to conserve energy. We have compared the proposed schemes, with existing ones through simulation. It is observed that, the proposed scheme can enhance the longevity of the network. Simulation is performed using Qualnet simulator

An Energy Efficient Dynamic Source Routing for MANET

Ad hoc networking allows portable mobile devices to establish communication path without having any central infrastructure. Since there is no central infrastructure and the mobile devices are moving randomly, gives rise to various kinds of problems, such as routing and security. In this thesis the problem of routing is considered. Routing is one of the key issues in MANETs because of highly dynamic and distributed nature of nodes. Especially energy efficient routing is most important because all the nodes are battery powered. Failure of one node may affect the entire network. If a node runs out of energy the probability of network partitioning will be increased. Since every mobile node has limited power supply, energy depletion is become one of the main threats to the lifetime of the ad hoc network. So routing in MANET should be in such a way that it will use the remaining battery power in an efficient way to increase the life time of the network. In this thesis, we have proposed an energy efficient dynamic source routing protocol (EEDSR) which will efficiently utilize the battery power of the mobile nodes in such a way that the network will get more lifetime. Transmission power control approach is used to adjust the node to node communication power and load balancing approach is used to avoid over utilized nodes. Transmission power control is done by calculating new transmission power between every pair of nodes on that route which will be the minimum power required for successful communication. Load balancing is done by selecting a route which contains energy rich nodes. Simulation studies revealed that the proposed scheme is more efficient than the existing one

Adaptive Middleware for Resource-Constrained Mobile Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks: MANETs) and wireless sensor networks: WSNs) are two recently-developed technologies that uniquely function without fixed infrastructure support, and sense at scales, resolutions, and durations previously not possible. While both offer great potential in many applications, developing software for these types of networks is extremely difficult, preventing their wide-spread use. Three primary challenges are: 1) the high level of dynamics within the network in terms of changing wireless links and node hardware configurations,: 2) the wide variety of hardware present in these networks, and: 3) the extremely limited computational and energy resources available. Until now, the burden of handling these issues was put on the software application developer. This dissertation presents three novel programming models and middleware systems that address these challenges: Limone, Agilla, and Servilla. Limone reliably handles high levels of dynamics within MANETs. It does this through lightweight coordination primitives that make minimal assumptions about network connectivity. Agilla enables self-adaptive WSN applications via the integration of mobile agent and tuple space programming models, which is critical given the continuously changing network. It is the first system to successfully demonstrate the feasibility of using mobile agents and tuple spaces within WSNs. Servilla addresses the challenges that arise from WSN hardware heterogeneity using principles of Service-Oriented Computing: SOC). It is the first system to successfully implement the entire SOC model within WSNs and uniquely tailors it to the WSN domain by making it energy-aware and adaptive. The efficacies of the above three systems are demonstrated through implementation, micro-benchmarks, and the evaluation of several real-world applications including Universal Remote, Fire Detection and Tracking, Structural Health Monitoring, and Medical Patient Monitoring

Fairness issues in multihop wireless ad hoc networks

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Quality of service support for multimedia applications in mobile ad hoc networks

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