On the power of alternation on reversal-bounded alternating Turing machines with a restriction

AbstractWhether or not there is a difference of the power among alternating Turing machines with a bounded number of alternations is one of the most important problems in the field of computer science. This paper presents the following result: Let R(n) be a space and reversal constructible function. Then, for any k ⩾ 1, we obtain that the class of languages accepted by off-line 1-tape rσk machines running in reversal O(R(n)) is equal to the class of languages accepted by off-line 1-tape σ1 machines running in reversal O(R(n)). An off-line 1-tape σk machine M is called an off-line 1-tape rσk machine if M always limits the non-blank part of the work-tape to at most O(R(n) log n) when making an alternation between universal and existential states during the computation

On the complexity of 1–tape ATMs and off-line 1-tape ATMs running in constant reversals

AbstractYamamoto and Noguchi raised the question of whether every recursively enumerable set can be accepted by a 1-tape or off-line 1-tape alternating Turing machine (ATM) whose (work)tape head makes only a constant number of reversals. In this paper, we answer the open question in the negative. We show that (1) constant-reversal 1-tape ATMs accept only regular languages and (2) there exists a recursive function h(k, r, n) such that for every k-state off-line 1-tape ATM, M, running in r reversals, the language accepted by M is in ASPACE(h(k, r, n))

Research and Technology, 1998

This report selectively summarizes the NASA Lewis Research Center's research and technology accomplishments for the fiscal year 1998. It comprises 134 short articles submitted by the staff scientists and engineers. The report is organized into five major sections: Aeronautics, Research and Technology, Space, Engineering and Technical Services, and Commercial Technology. A table of contents and an author index have been developed to assist readers in finding articles of special interest. This report is not intended to he a comprehensive summary of all the research and technology work done over the past fiscal year. Most of the work is reported in Lewis-published technical reports, journal articles, and presentations prepared by Lewis staff and contractors. In addition, university grants have enabled faculty members and graduate students to engage in sponsored research that is reported at technical meetings or in journal articles. For each article in this report, a Lewis contact person has been identified, and where possible, reference documents are listed so that additional information can be easily obtained. The diversity of topics attests to the breadth of research and technology being pursued and to the skill mix of the staff that makes it possible. At the time of publication, NASA Lewis was undergoing a name change to the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field

“Think of it as Money”: A History of the VISA Payment System, 1970–1984

This dissertation is a historical case study of the payment system designed, built, and operated by Visa International Services Association (VISA, hereafter “Visa”). The system is analyzed as a sociotechnical one, consisting of both social and technical elements that mutually constitute and shape one another. The historical narrative concentrates on the period of 1970 to 1984, which roughly corresponds to the tenure of the system’s founder and first CEO, Dee Ward Hock. It also focuses primarily upon the events that took place within the United States. After establishing a theoretical and historical context, I describe why and how the organization now known as Visa was formed. I then explain how the founder and his staff transformed the disintegrated, paper-based credit card systems of the 1960s into the unified, electronic value exchange system we know today. Special attention is paid throughout this narrative to the ways in which the technologies were shaped by political, legal, economic, and cultural forces, as well as the ways in which the system began to alter those social relations in return. In the final chapter, I offer three small extensions to the literature on payment systems, cooperative networks, and technology and culture

Models and evaluation of human-machine systems

"September 1993.""Prepared for: International Atomic Energy Association [sic], Wagramerstrasse 5, P. 0. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria."Part of appendix A and bibliography missingIncludes bibliographical referencesThe field of human-machine systems and human-machine interfaces is very multidisciplinary. We have to navigate between the knowledge waves brought by several areas of the human learning: cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, linguistics, ergonomy, control systems engineering, neurophysiology, sociology, computer sciences, among others. At the present moment, all these disciplines seek to be close each other to generate synergy. It is necessary to homogenize the different nomenclatures and to make that each one can benefit from the results and advances found in the other. Accidents like TMI, Chernobyl, Challenger, Bhopal, and others demonstrated that the human beings shall deal with complex systems that are created by the technological evolution more carefully. The great American writer Allan Bloom died recently wrote in his book 'The Closing of the American Mind' (1987) about the universities curriculum that are commonly separated in tight departments. This was a necessity of the industrial revolution that put emphasis in practical courses in order to graduate specialists in many fields. However, due the great complexity of our technological world, we feel the necessity to integrate again those disciplines that one day were separated to make possible their fast development. This Report is a modest trial to do this integration in a holistic way, trying to capture the best tendencies in those areas of the human learning mentioned in the first lines above. I expect that it can be useful to those professionals who, like me, would desire to build better human-machine systems in order to avoid those accidents also mentioned above

Fintech and the Innovation Trilemma

Whether in response to roboadvising, artificial intelligence, or crypto-currencies like Bitcoin, regulators around the world have made it a top policy priority to supervise the exponential growth of financial technology (or fintech ) in the post-Crisis era. However, applying traditional regulatory strategies to new technological ecosystems has proven conceptually difficult. Part of the challenge lies in the tradeoffs involved in regulating innovations that could conceivably both help and hurt consumers and market participants alike. Problems also arise from the common assumption that today\u27s fintech is a mere continuation of the story of innovation that has shaped finance for centuries. This Article provides a novel theoretical framework for understanding and regulating fintech by showing how the supervision of financial innovation is invariably bound by what can be described as a policy Trilemma. Specifically, we argue that when seeking to provide clear rules, maintain market integrity, and encourage financial innovation, regulators have long been able to achieve, at best, two out of the three goals. Moreover, today\u27s innovations exacerbate the tradeoffs historically embodied in the Trilemma by either reconfiguring or disintermediating traditional financing operations and the discrete services supporting them, thereby introducing unprecedented uncertainty as to their risks and benefits. This Article thus proceeds to catalogue the strategies taken by regulatory authorities to navigate the Trilemma, and posits them as operating across a spectrum of interrelated responses. It then proposes supplemental administrative tools to support not only market, but also regulatory data gathering and experimentation

Task acceptability and workload of driving city streets, rural roads, and expressways: ratings from video clips

SAfety VEhicles using adaptive Interface Technology (SAVE-IT Project) Task 2C: Develop and Validate EquationsSAVE-IT project, funded by U.S. Department of TransportationSubjects rated the workload of clips of forward road scenes (from the advanced collision avoidance system (ACAS) field operational test) in relation to 2 anchor clips of Level of Service (LOS) A and E (light and heavy traffic), and indicated if they would perform any of 3 tasks (dial a phone, manually tune a radio, enter a destination) in driving the scenes shown. After rating all of the clips, subjects rated a wider range of described situations (not shown in clips) and the relative contribution of road geometry, traffic, and other factors to workload. Using logistic regression, predictive equations for the refusal to engage in the 3 tasks were developed as a function of workload, driver age, and sex. Several equations were developed relating real-time driving statistics with workload, where workload was rated on a scale of 1 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). Some 87% of the rating variance was accounted for by the following expression: Mean Workload Rating=8.87-3.01(LogMeanRange)+ 0.48(MeanTrafficCount)+ 2.05(MeanLongitudinalAccleration), where range (to the lead vehicle) and traffic count were both determined by the adaptive cruise control radar. Other estimates were also generated from post-test ratings and adjustments, considering factors such as construction zones, lane drops, curves, and hills. From the results of this report alone, the workload estimates needed by a real-time workload manager could be developed using (1) the real time data, (2) look-up tables based on the clip ratings, (3) look-up tables based on the post-test data, or (4) some combination of those 3 sources.Delphi Delco Electronic Systemshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64467/1/102431.pd

Artist Texts

A new literary genre that I call the artist text has emerged on the cultural landscape. Specific to contemporary art, it adapts the strategies used by institutions to historicize artworks. Rather than take up the materiality of language as did writing by earlier conceptual artists, the artist text follows a backwards route into the status of art by adapting genealogical method and disallowing the objective distance necessary for historicization. The four artists that epitomize this genre are Seth Price, Bernadette Corporation, Tan Lin, and Sturtevant. Each chapter is an analysis of texts by these artists. The artist text illustrates that artists are not only interested in producing art for distribution within institutions and markets, but also in actively intervening in—and even controlling—their audience’s engagement with art history

Evaluating the Tax Compliance Costs of Small and Medium Enterprises Operated by Individuals under Alternative Enterprise Tax Regimes in Indonesia

This study investigates the tax compliance costs of small and medium enterprises operated by individuals (individual SMEs) in Indonesia. It estimates and compares these costs under two different tax regimes operated in Indonesia: a presumptive tax regime that applies a single, final tax rate on annual turnover; and the regime that applies a more conventional, progressive tax rate schedule on calculated taxable income. The estimation and comparison involve all components of tax compliance costs, including explicit, implicit, and psychological costs. The research is motivated by two main considerations. First, it focuses on individual SMEs because personal income taxpayers are by far the largest group of all taxpayers in Indonesia (91 per cent in 2018; see (DGT, 2019a)) and the contribution of SMEs is significant for Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product (63 per cent in 2018; see (Indonesia, 2019)). Secondly, despite their obvious importance, and despite significant research that has been conducted in many parts of the world (Alm, 2019, p. 32), the issue of tax compliance costs borne by individual SMEs in Indonesia has remained a relatively unexplored topic. Moreover, research into the psychological costs of tax compliance and research comparing the compliance costs of two different tax regimes in the same tax system has in each case been particularly limited. Thus, this study proposes a systematic analysis to address a series of research questions related to these under-explored areas relating to the tax compliance costs of individual SMEs in Indonesia. By applying a mixed-modes research method, the study not only reveals the average costs to comply for each taxpayer under different tax regimes, but also identifies the significance of the total costs and the potential drivers of those costs. In addition, further analysis provides a novel understanding of aspects of tax compliance costs by showing how the components of the costs interact with each other. Finally, the findings may be useful for policymakers in Indonesia given that the presumptive tax regime will cease to exist in 2025