A Resource Guide for Historic Sundown Town Resolutions, Zoning Code Updates, and General Plan Policies

James W. Loewen’s book Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism, released in 2005, calls out cities across the United States for their historically discriminatory practices of excluding Black and other non-white individuals from living within city borders, either through formal exclusionary policies or informal methods. Cities often enforced this exclusionary practice through violence and intimidation, leading to “all-white” communities throughout the United States. The belief was that these communities should be “sundown” or “sunset” towns, where people of color were not allowed after dark. Loewen’s book and the following movement awakened individuals, companies, and entire cities to take action to acknowledge history and rewrite the future. Sundown Towns have a long and painful history in the United States, dating back to the late 19th century and persisting well into the 20th century. Cities used these practices to enforce racial segregation and maintain white supremacy. Many cities and communities are actively working to confront and address their pasts and promote racial equity in their present and future. Today, the term Sundown Town describes any community with a history of racial exclusion and discrimination of minority groups especially after sunset. Loewen defined Sundown Towns as an organized jurisdiction that intentionally became “all white” by keeping African Americans or other groups from living there for decades (Loewen, 2018, p. 4). Sundown Towns in California, like in other states, have a long and painful history of racial exclusion and discrimination. California has a diverse population but a history of discriminatory practices against certain groups, including African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latino Americans. In addition, many towns and cities in California had discriminatory practices that kept non-white individuals from living within their borders, either through formal exclusionary policies or informal rules enforced by local police power. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, many towns in California had discriminatory housing covenants that restricted who could own or rent property within their borders. Additionally, many towns had discriminatory zoning laws that restricted the building of homes for non-white individuals. There are 111 confirmed Sundown Towns in California and at least 10,000 across the United States. Many community organizations across the United States have been working hard at removing racist policies within their cities. However, redlining, racial covenants, and exclusionary zoning are discussed daily in the planning world. City officials often unwritten Sundown Town policies, but the history and trauma people experienced are real. Cities are places people call home, where people should feel safe and where people can thrive. Unfortunately, the racially exclusionary past of many cities hurts people and hinders their ability to truly call cities home, thrive, and feel safe in their cities. Taking the “acknowledge, amend, and atone approach,” cities can rewrite a better future for their city by admitting the wrongs done in their city and apologizing for what happened. However, impending policies and programs ensure that history never rewrites itself. Out of the 111 Sundown Towns identified in California, only three have worked to confront and address their pasts and promote racial equity in their present and future. Communities can acknowledge Sundown Towns by adopting Sundown Town resolutions, including diverse perspectives in the city planning and development process, and investing in programs and initiatives that promote equity and inclusion. Zero Californian cities have updated their zoning code, and zero have added policies in their general plan regarding Sundown Towns. There is more work to be done. When developing resolutions, zoning code updates, and general plan policies, planners must research standards and understand what other jurisdictions are doing. The purpose of a resource guide is to provide planners with this information all in one place. This resource guide will accomplish six main goals: 1 - Provide historical research on Sundown Towns 2 - Provide a standard procedure for confirming Sundown Towns 3 - Provide jurisdictional comparisons on resolutions, zoning code updates, and general plan updates surrounding Sundown Towns 4- Provide draft resolution “Whereas” clauses with standard language to be used in Sundown Town resolutions across the United States 5 - Discuss typical zoning code updates that need to be made to aid in amending historically racist policies 6 - Provide sample General Plan policies that can be adapted to atone Sundown Towns further This resource guide will allow cities to acknowledge themselves as Sundown Town through the development of a resolution, amend exclusionary policies through zoning code updates, and atone for their past by updating their general plan goals and programs

Salt Lake v. Larsen : Brief of Appellee

Appeal from a conviction and judgment of Cruising in violation of Salt Lake City ordinance 12.12.090, an infraction, in the Third District Court, Salt Lake Department, State of Utah, the Honorable Robert K. Hilder, Judge, presiding

Singer\u27s Handbook, Second Edition

The second edition of the Buffalo Gay Men\u27s Chorus Singer\u27s Handbook.https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/bgmchandbooks/1001/thumbnail.jp

Spartan Daily, September 6, 2023

Volume 161, Issue 07https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartan_daily_2023/1050/thumbnail.jp

Singer\u27s Handbook, First Edition

The first edition of the Buffalo Gay Men\u27s Chorus Singer\u27s Handbook.https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/bgmchandbooks/1000/thumbnail.jp

Singer\u27s Handbook, Fourth Edition

The fourth edition of the Buffalo Gay Men\u27s Chorus Singer\u27s Handbook.https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/bgmchandbooks/1003/thumbnail.jp

Modeling the morning commute for urban networks with cruising-for-parking: An MFD approach

This study focuses on the morning commute problem with explicit consideration of cruising-for-parking, and its adverse impacts on traffic congestion. The cruising-for-parking is modeled through a dynamic aggregated traffic model for networks: the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD). Firstly, we formulate the commuting equilibrium in a congested downtown network where travelers have to cruise for curbside parking spaces. The cruising-for-parking would yield longer trip distance and smaller network outflow, and thus can induce severe congestion and lengthen the morning peak. We then develop a dynamic model of pricing for the network to reduce total social cost, which includes cruising time cost, moving time cost (moving or in-transit time, which is the duration during which vehicles move close to the destination but do not cruise for parking yet), and schedule delay cost. We show that under specific assumptions, at the system optimum, the downtown network should be operating at the maximum production of its MFD. However, the cruising effect is not fully eliminated. We also show that the time-dependent toll to support the system optimum has a different shape than the classical fine toll in Vickrey's bottleneck model. In the end, analytical results are illustrated and verified with numerical experiments

Singer\u27s Handbook, Third Edition

The third edition of the Buffalo Gay Men\u27s Chorus Singer\u27s Handbook.https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/bgmchandbooks/1002/thumbnail.jp

Singer\u27s Handbook, Fifth Edition

The fifth edition of the Buffalo Gay Men\u27s Chorus Singer\u27s Handbook.https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/bgmchandbooks/1004/thumbnail.jp

Towards a better understanding of yacht cruisers profile for the purpose of a destination development

The sea and its use are cross-cutting themes to the political, economic, social and environmental spheres. The uses of marine resources, in particular, the development of nautical tourism, are strategically imperative to Portugal. But this development will only be successful if based on scientific knowledge about the phenomenon. This project is thus presented as the first European research in the deepening of knowledge about yacht cruisers who use the Portuguese coasts. A special emphasis is given to the yachters entering and staying for some time at the marinas and boatyards of the Algarve. From the methodological point of view, this research is based on the primary source of the semi-structured interviews and used qualitative content analysis with the support of the NVivo 9. Yacht cruising, as a distinct niche market, is subjected mainly to senior travellers and their long-term holiday experience. Unlike other tourists, they require a minimum of specialized infrastructure and no accommodation at all. Their main needs are secure place for stops between trips, boat repair and maintenance, food and water supply. The policy makers interested in attracting yacht cruisers tourist category should provide separate facilities from other marine traffic, and by doing so, embrace a small-scale and sustainable form of tourism development which can bring some economic and social advantages to host communities.A investigação tinha como objetivo estudar pessoas que praticam a navegação de cruzeiro de longo curso, sendo o litoral do Algarve um dos seus pontos de paragem. Aprofundadamente as suas motivações, atitudes, comportamentos, visões do mundo, experiências e em particular, as suas interações com o ambiente e autóctones dos locais que visitam. Vários estudos apontam como imperativo estratégico para as regiões costais, o aproveitamento dos recursos marítimos e em particular, o desenvolvimento do turismo náutico, mas esse desenvolvimento só será bem-sucedido se se basear em conhecimento científico acerca do fenómeno. Uma ênfase especial foi dada às embarcações que entram e permanecem por algum tempo nos portos de recreio e marinas Algarvias. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta investigação utilizou uma abordagem qualitativa, ou seja, entrevistas semiestruturadas as quais foram analisadas pela análise de conteúdo com o apoio de um software estatístico NVivo9. Uma amostragem homogênea dos entrevistados foi definida em três fatores principais, como a propriedade de um barco a vela ou a motor, a realização de navegação para fins de lazer e a viagem por períodos prolongados. A recolha de dados ocorreu em Julho e Outubro de 2018 na Marina de Lagos, Porto de Recreio De Olhão, estaleiros Nave Pegos e Marina Formosa. Foram quinze entrevistas em profundidade recolhidas com vinte e um participantes no total. Aplicação das entrevistas permitiu a definição do perfil dos viajantes, os quais navegam pelo mundo e temporariamente utilizam as costas Algarvias. Em relação às características sociodemográficas, a maioria dos entrevistados eram do sexo masculino, britânicos, com a idade superior a 50 anos e sem trabalho anterior relacionado com barcos. A discussão sobre as viagens que esses indivíduos fizeram deu a oportunidade de observar diferentes características, como a longa duração da viagem e a estadia no Algarve, o que pode significar sustentabilidade para o destino. Os seus movimentos contínuos e semipermanentes, bem como a alta importância dedicada ao tempo de cruzeiro, são únicos e merecem uma atenção especial. Além do gosto pela navegação, outras razões motivam os turistas a viajar pelo mar, entre as quais a novidade, autonomia, natureza, autorrealização e estímulo para mudar o seu estilo de vida. Este estilo de vida distinto constitui um interesse particular da sociologia, portanto a investigação atual apresentou características dele, ou seja, liberdade, senso de comunidade e benefícios de autodesenvolvimento. As experiências dos navegadores de cruzeiro permitiram compreender o impacto nos destinos visitados e o que as autoridades regionais devem focar se querem atrair este tipo específico de turismo. Em primeiro lugar, estes indivíduos têm preocupações ambientais; querem proteger a natureza e exigem assim, instalações com pontos de reciclagem adequadas para causar o mínimo impacto negativo sobre os recursos marinhos. Em segundo lugar, eles tendem a comunicar com as populações locais nos destinos que visitam; em relação às políticas locais, eles apreciam a facilidade nos procedimentos de passagem de fronteira. Em terceiro lugar, estes viajantes dependem muito das instalações quando escolhem um destino e decidem permanecer nele por algum tempo. Marinas, portos de recreio, estaleiros, lojas de artigos náuticos, academias de vela, bem como pessoal qualificado são importantes para o desenvolvimento de um destino náutico. Estes navegadores também utilizam as infraestruturas locais além dos locais de embarcação, nomeadamente transporte terrestre, mercearias, cafés e restaurantes ao longo de toda a costa contribuindo para a economia local. Este estudo pretende contribuir para aumentar o conhecimento sobre o perfil destes viajantes e pode ser usado pelas entidades responsáveis para melhorar as condições para a prática deste tipo de turismo na região