Nineteen sixties history of data base management

Data base management evolved during the sixties and seventies. The evolution period was protracted. Many driving forces impacted the evolution and it is the aim of this paper to analyze these driving forces (some technical and some political) and to discuss the impact of each. The driving forces are identified as follows: higher level languages, generalization of software, non-procedural approach, program maintenance, recognition of different levels of data definition, direct access storage, and relational theory.2nd IFIP Conference on the History of Computing and EducationRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Nineteen sixties history of data base management

Data base management evolved during the sixties and seventies. The evolution period was protracted. Many driving forces impacted the evolution and it is the aim of this paper to analyze these driving forces (some technical and some political) and to discuss the impact of each. The driving forces are identified as follows: higher level languages, generalization of software, non-procedural approach, program maintenance, recognition of different levels of data definition, direct access storage, and relational theory.2nd IFIP Conference on the History of Computing and EducationRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Nineteen sixties history of data base management

Data base management evolved during the sixties and seventies. The evolution period was protracted. Many driving forces impacted the evolution and it is the aim of this paper to analyze these driving forces (some technical and some political) and to discuss the impact of each. The driving forces are identified as follows: higher level languages, generalization of software, non-procedural approach, program maintenance, recognition of different levels of data definition, direct access storage, and relational theory.2nd IFIP Conference on the History of Computing and EducationRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

The quest for public management reform : theory and practice in the case of The Netherlands 1970-1995

Public management reform and public reorganisation are undertaken now for more than two decades in the Western world. These attempts to modernise the institutions in the public sector and their public policies have been inspired by criticisms on big and classical government and on notions of a smaller but better government. Theoretical analysis, empirical research and ideological beliefs are elements in the debate, and many times they are confused In this research memorandum, the quest for public management reform is described, analysed and evaluated in a case study of the Netherlands for the period 1970-1995. The early beginnings of the reform debate and of reform policies can be traced back to the late nineteen sixties. This resulted in the nineteen eighties in six Big Operations at three levels of the public sector: at the central government level, at the local government level and in the third sector. These operations are in various ways interrelated. The miscellaneous and sometimes even disappointing outcomes of these operations resulted in more modest attempts to public management reform in the nineteen nineties. This memorandum concludes with a theoretical analysis of the determinants of success and failure of public management reform and public reorganisation. Public management reform is in particular a difficult and complicated learning process, which has to be undertaken in horizontal and democratic policy networks, and in consultations and negotiations with all political actors involved: the politicians as political principals, the bureaucrats as executing agents, and the public as consumers of public service delivery. NEDERLANDS ABSTRACT De Zoektocht naar Hervorming van het Overheidsmanagement. Theorie en Praktijk in Nederland 1970-1995. Hervorming van het overheidsmanagement en van de organisatie van de overheid wordt reeds twintig jaar in de Westerse wereld ondernomen. De pogingen tot fundamentele hervorming van de organisatie en het management van de overheid vinden hun inspiratiebron in de aanhoudende en radicale kritiek op de grootschalige en klassiek georganiseerde overheid en in het concept van een kleinere maar betere overheid. Theoretische analyse, empirisch onderzoek en politiek-ideologische stellingnamen vormen onderdeel van het debat, maar worden vaak door elkaar gehaald waar zij zouden moeten worden onderscheiden. In dit research memorandum wordt de speurtocht naar hervorming van de organisatie en het management van de overheid in Nederland beschreven, geanalyseerd en geëvalueerd voor de periode 1970-1995. Het vroege begin van het hervormingsdebat en van het hervormingsbeleid kan worden getraceerd in de late jaren zestig. Een en ander resulteerde uiteindelijk in de jaren tachtig in de zes zogeheten Grote Operaties op drie niveaus van de publieke sector: op het niveau van de centrale overheid, op het niveau van de lokale overheid en in de derde of non-profit sector. Deze operaties hangen onderling op velerlei manier samen. De wisselende en soms ronduit teleurstellende resultaten van deze operaties leidden tot meer bescheiden hervormingspogingen in de jaren negentig. Dit memorandum sluit af met een theoretische analyse van de succes- en faalfactoren van hervorming van de organisatie en het management van de overheid. Hervorming van de publieke sector is in het bijzonder een moeilijk en gecompliceerd leerproces, dat ter hand genomen moet worden in het kader van horizontale en democratische beleidsnetwerken, en in voortdurend consultatie en onderhandeling met alle betrokken politieke actoren: de politici als opdrachtgevers, de bureaucratische functionarissen als uitvoerders, en het publiek als consumenten van openbare dienstverlening.public economics ;

The Progress of Production Techniques in Japanese Shipbuilding

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/96620/1/39015087358571.pd

Trajectories of internationalization: knowledge and national business styles in the making of two Dutch publishing multinationals, 1950-1990

The internationalization of business is the subject of an extensive theoretical literature as well as a growing number of historical studies. Historians have paid relatively little attention to the development of multinationals in the service sector, and studies about international publishing are especially scarce. This article discusses the early internationalization of two Dutch publishing firms, Kluwer (nowWolters Kluwer) and Elsevier (now Reed Elsevier) and confronts these case histories with the evolutionary theory of internationalization. The Dutch cases underline the important role of experience, knowledge and learning as well as of the national context in which companies develop. They also show that these factors allow for very different trajectories of internationalization within the same branch of business and the same country

Living in Interesting Times: President Obama and the Rebirth of the Labor Movement

Legislation has been introduced in the United States that will allow workers to form unions without secret ballot voting among prospective members. This legislation, in its current form, is the most radical change in Federal law governing union recognition in its history. While passage of the legislation is far from certain, it has generated much discussion and argument, most of it polemical. This article examines the issue from a more academic perspective, reviewing the history of organizing and how management practices have developed that effectively use the current election process as a tool to resist organizing efforts, and the effect the legislation might have upon those practices