Neural High Order Sliding Mode Control for Doubly Fed Induction Generator based Wind Turbines

Wind energy has many advantages because it does not pollute and is an inexhaustible source of energy. In this paper Neural High Order Sliding Mode (NHOSM) control is developed for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based Wind Turbine (WT). The stator winding is directly coupled with the main network, whereas a Back-to-Back converter is installed to connect its rotor to the grid. The proposed control scheme is composed of Recurrent High Order Neural Network (RHONN) trained with the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which is used to build-up the DFIG models. Based on such identifier, the High Order Sliding Mode (HOSM) using Super-Twisting (ST) algorithm is synthesized. To show the potential of the selected scheme, a comparison study considering the NHOSM, Conventional Sliding mode (CSM), and the HOSM control is done. To ensure maximum power extractions and to protect the system, the Maximum Point Power Tracking (MPPT) algorithm and the h control are also implemented. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for enhancing robustness, reducing chattering, and improving quality and quantity of the generated power.

A High-Order Sliding Mode Observer for Sensorless Control ofDFIG-Based Wind Turbines

International audienceThis paper deals with the sensorless control of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine. The sensorless control scheme is based on a high-order sliding mode (HOSM) observer to estimate the DFIG rotational speed. Indeed, high-order sliding mode observers provide theoretically finite time exact state observation and estimation of absolutely continuous unknown inputs. The proposed global control strategy combines an MPPT using a high-order sliding mode speed observer and a high-order sliding mode for the DFIG control. This strategy presents attractive features such as chattering-free behavior, finite reaching time, robustness and unmodeled dynamics (generator and turbine). Simulations using the wind turbine simulator FAST on a 1.5- MW three-blade wind turbine are carried out for the validation of the proposed sensorless control strategy

Sensor-less maximum power extraction control of a hydrostatic tidal turbine based on adaptive extreme learning machine

In this paper, a hydrostatic tidal turbine (HTT) is designed and modelled, which uses more reliable hydrostatic transmission to replace existing fixed ratio gearbox transmission. The HTT dynamic model is derived by integrating governing equations of all the components of the hydraulic machine. A nonlinear observer is proposed to predict the turbine torque and tidal speeds in real time based on extreme learning machine (ELM). A sensor-less double integral sliding mode controller is then designed for the HTT to achieve the maximum power extraction in the presence of large parametric uncertainties and nonlinearities. Simscape design experiments are conducted to verify the proposed design, model and control system, which show that the proposed control system can efficiently achieve the maximum power extraction and has much better performance than conventional control. Unlike the existing works on ELM, the weights and biases in the ELM are updated online continuously. Furthermore, the overall stability of the controlled HTT system including the ELM is proved and the selection criteria for ELM learning rates is derived. The proposed sensor-less control system has prominent advantages in robustness and accuracy, and is also easy to implement in practice

Fuzzy second order sliding mode control of a unified power flow controller

Purpose. This paper presents an advanced control scheme based on fuzzy logic and second order sliding mode of a unified power flow controller. This controller offers advantages in terms of static and dynamic operation of the power system such as the control law is synthesized using three types of controllers: proportional integral, and sliding mode controller and Fuzzy logic second order sliding mode controller. Their respective performances are compared in terms of reference tracking, sensitivity to perturbations and robustness. We have to study the problem of controlling power in electric system by UPFC. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method especiallyin chattering-free behavior, response to sudden load variations and robustness. All the simulations for the above work have been carried out using MATLAB / Simulink. Various simulations have given very satisfactory results and we have successfully improved the real and reactive power flows on a transmission lineas well as to regulate voltage at the bus where it is connected, the studies and illustrate the effectiveness and capability of UPFC in improving power.В настоящей статье представлена усовершенствованная схема управления, основанная на нечеткой логике и режиме скольжения второго порядка унифицированного контроллера потока мощности. Данный контроллер обладает преимуществами с точки зрения статической и динамической работы энергосистемы, например, закон управления синтезируется с использованием трех типов контроллеров: пропорционально-интегрального, контроллера скользящего режима и контроллера скользящего режима нечеткой логики второго порядка. Их соответствующие характеристики сравниваются с точки зрения отслеживания эталонов, чувствительности к возмущениям и надежности. Необходимо изучить проблему управления мощностью в энергосистеме с помощью унифицированного контроллера потока мощности (UPFC). Результаты моделирования показывают эффективность предложенного метода, особенно в отношении отсутствия вибрации, реакции на внезапные изменения нагрузки и устойчивости. Все расчеты для вышеуказанной работы были выполнены с использованием MATLAB/Simulink. Различные расчетные исследования дали весьма удовлетворительные результаты, и мы успешно улучшили потоки реальной и реактивной мощности на линии электропередачи, а также регулирование напряжения на шине, к которой она подключена, что позволяет изучить и проиллюстрировать эффективность и возможности UPFC для увеличения мощности

A new robust control using adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control for a DFIG supplied by a 19-level inverter with less number of switches

This article presents the powers control of a variable speed wind turbine based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) because of their advantages in terms of economy and control. The considered system consists of a DFIG whose stator is connected directly to the electrical network and its rotor is supplied by a 19-level inverter with less number of switches for minimize the harmonics absorbed by the DFIG, reducing switching frequency, high power electronic applications because of their ability to generate a very good quality of waveforms, and their low voltage stress across the power devices. In order to control independently active and reactive powers provided by the stator side of the DFIG to the grid and ensure high performance and a better execution, three types of robust controllers have been studied and compared in terms of power reference tracking, response to sudden speed variations, sensitivity to perturbations and robustness against machine parameters variations.В статье описывается управление мощностью ветряной турбины переменной скорости на основе асинхронного генератора двойного питания ввиду их преимуществ с точки зрения экономичности и управления. Рассматриваемая система состоит из асинхронного генератора двойного питания, статор которого подключен непосредственно к электрической сети, а его ротор питается от 19-уровневого инвертора с меньшим количеством коммутаторов для минимизации гармоник, поглощаемых генератором, уменьшая частоту переключения, и устройств силовой электроники вследствие их способности генерировать высокое качество сигналов и низкого уровня напряжения на них. Чтобы независимо управлять активной и реактивной мощностью, подаваемой стороной статора указанного генератора в сеть, и обеспечивать высокую производительность и лучшее конструктивное исполнение, изучены и сопоставлены три типа робастных контроллеров с точки зрения отслеживания мощности, реакции на внезапное изменение скорости, чувствительности к возмущениям и устойчивости к изменениям параметров машины

L1 Adaptive Speed Control of a Small Wind Energy Conversion System for Maximum Power Point Tracking

This paper presents the design of an L1 adaptive controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a small variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed controller generates the optimal torque command for the vector controlled generator-side converter based on the wind speed estimation. The proposed MPPT control algorithm has a generic structure and can be used for different generator types. In order to verify the efficacy of the proposed L1 adaptive controller for the MPPT of the WECS, a full converter wind turbine with a squirrel cage induction generator is used to carry out case studies using MATLAB/Simulink. The case study results show that the designed L1 adaptive controller has good tracking performance even with unmodelled dynamics and in the presence of parameter uncertainties and unknown disturbances

A Review on Different Control Techniques Used for Pitch Control of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

In wind turbine technology, the pitch control mechanism of blades is a very important factor for the efficient power output of a wind turbine. Various control techniques can be implemented for pitch control. This paper deals with the study and review of different control methodologies used by the researchers and engineers to control the pitch angle of the blades of a horizontal axis wind turbine to optimize the power in low rated wind speed. This paper involves the study of PI, PID, Fuzzy logic control, Sliding mode control and Adaptive control methodologies

Nonlinear PI control for variable pitch wind turbine

Wind turbine uses a pitch angle controller to reduce the power captured above the rated wind speed and release the mechanical stress of the drive train. This paper investigates a nonlinear PI (N-PI) based pitch angle controller, by designing an extended-order state and perturbation observer to estimate and compensate unknown time-varying nonlinearities and disturbances. The proposed N-PI does not require the accurate model and uses only one set of PI parameters to provide a global optimal performance under wind speed changes. Simulation verification is based on a simplified two-mass wind turbine model and a detailed aero-elastic wind turbine simulator (FAST), respectively. Simulation results show that the N-PI controller can provide better dynamic performances of power regulation, load stress reduction and actuator usage, comparing with the conventional PI and gain-scheduled PI controller, and better robustness against of model uncertainties than feedback linearization control

Complementary Power Control for Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Based Tidal Stream Turbine Generation Plants

The latest forecasts on the upcoming effects of climate change are leading to a change in the worldwide power production model, with governments promoting clean and renewable energies, as is the case of tidal energy. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to improve the efficiency and lower the costs of the involved processes in order to achieve a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) that allows these devices to be commercially competitive. In this context, this paper presents a novel complementary control strategy aimed to maximize the output power of a Tidal Stream Turbine (TST) composed of a hydrodynamic turbine, a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and a back-to-back power converter. In particular, a global control scheme that supervises the switching between the two operation modes is developed and implemented. When the tidal speed is low enough, the plant operates in variable speed mode, where the system is regulated so that the turbo-generator module works in maximum power extraction mode for each given tidal velocity. For this purpose, the proposed back-to-back converter makes use of the field-oriented control in both the rotor side and grid side converters, so that a maximum power point tracking-based rotational speed control is applied in the Rotor Side Converter (RSC) to obtain the maximum power output. Analogously, when the system operates in power limitation mode, a pitch angle control is used to limit the power captured in the case of high tidal speeds. Both control schemes are then coordinated within a novel complementary control strategy. The results show an excellent performance of the system, affording maximum power extraction regardless of the tidal stream input.This work was supported in part by the University of the Basque Country (Universidad del Pais Vasco UPV/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea EHU) through Project PPG17/33 and by the MINECO through the Research Project DPI2015-70075-R (MINECO/FEDER, EU). (Ministerio de Economa, Industria y Competitividad/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, European Union). The authors would like also to thank the anonymous reviewers for the useful comments that have helped to improve the initial version of this manuscript

ANFIS based sliding mode control of a DFIG wind turbine excited by an indirect matrix converter

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is very popular in commercial turbines installed worldwide. Indirect matrix converter (IMC) is a fully silicon-based converter without capacitor that could be used in wind turbines. In this paper a robust ANFIS based second order sliding mode controller is proposed to control the DFIG wind turbine excited by IMC converter. ANFIS is a combination of fuzzy logic control and artificial neural networks. This hybrid combination could decrease the complexity of the wind turbine system. This scheme does not need the exact mathematical model of the system as needed in classical control methods. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified by simulation results compared to the classical PI controller