Fifth-generation small cell backhaul capacity enhancement and large-scale parameter effect

The proliferation of handheld devices has continued to push the demand for higher data rates. Network providers will use small cells as an overlay to macrocell in fifth-generation (5G) for network capacity enhancement. The current cellular wireless backhauls suffer from the problem of insufficient backhaul capacity to cater to the new small cell deployment scenarios. Using the 3D digital map of Lagos Island in the Wireless InSite, small cells are deployed on a street canyon and in high-rise scenarios to simulate the backhaul links to the small cells at 28 GHz center frequency and 100 MHz bandwidth. Using a user-defined signal to interference plus noise ratio-throughput (SINR-throughput) table based on an adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS), the throughput values were generated based on the equation specified by 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 0, which estimates the peak data rate based on the modulation order and coding rate for each data stream calculated by the propagation model. Finding shows achieved channel capacity is comparable with gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) used in fiber to the ‘X’ (FTTX) for backhauling small cells. The effect of channel parameters such as root mean squared (RMS) delay spread and RMS angular spread on channel capacity are also investigated and explained

Communications for smart grid substation monitoring using WIMAX protocol

The SMARTGRID is a general term for a series of infrastructural changes applied to the electric transmission and distribution systems. By using the latest communication and computing technology, additional options such as Condition Monitoring can now be implemented to further improve and optimise complex electricity supply grid operation. Lifecycle optimisation of high voltage assets and other system components in the utility provide a case in point. Today Utility experts agree that application of scheduled maintenance is not the effective use of resources. To reduce maintenance expenses and unnecessary outages and repairs of equipment due to scheduled maintenance, utilities are adopting condition based approaches. Real time online monitoring of substation parameters can be achieved by retrofitting the existing substation with SMARTGRID technology. The IEC 61850 is a common protocol meant for Substation Automation Systems, designed for the purpose of establishing interoperability, one that all manufacturers of all different assets must comply with. This thesis advocates the estimation of bandwidth required for monitoring a substation after retrofitting the existing substation with smart communication technologies. This includes establishing a latest wireless communication infrastructure from the substation to the control centre and evaluating the performance modelling and simulating the physical layer of communication technologies such as WIMAX (IEEE802.16) and MICROWAVE point to point using MATLAB SIMULINK and RADIO mobile online simulation software. Also, link budget of the satellite communication for the same application is calculated. Satellite communication in this case is considered as a redundant or back up technology to ensure that the communication between entities is continuous. On performing the simulation on different environments the results prove that the selected protocols are best suited for condition monitoring. The measured Latency could be the best approximated value which complies with the current objective. However the white noise that exists in the substation has significant hazard with respect to the security of the wireless network. To compensate this constraint whole substation is hard wired by means of plastic fibre optics and the data sent to the base station located near the substation

Fog-supported delay-constrained energy-saving live migration of VMs over multiPath TCP/IP 5G connections

The incoming era of the fifth-generation fog computing-supported radio access networks (shortly, 5G FOGRANs) aims at exploiting computing/networking resource virtualization, in order to augment the limited resources of wireless devices through the seamless live migration of virtual machines (VMs) toward nearby fog data centers. For this purpose, the bandwidths of the multiple wireless network interface cards of the wireless devices may be aggregated under the control of the emerging MultiPathTCP (MPTCP) protocol. However, due to the fading and mobility-induced phenomena, the energy consumptions of the current state-of-the-art VM migration techniques may still offset their expected benefits. Motivated by these considerations, in this paper, we analytically characterize and implement in software and numerically test the optimal minimum-energy settable-complexity bandwidth manager (SCBM) for the live migration of VMs over 5G FOGRAN MPTCP connections. The key features of the proposed SCBM are that: 1) its implementation complexity is settable on-line on the basis of the target energy consumption versus implementation complexity tradeoff; 2) it minimizes the network energy consumed by the wireless device for sustaining the migration process under hard constraints on the tolerated migration times and downtimes; and 3) by leveraging a suitably designed adaptive mechanism, it is capable to quickly react to (possibly, unpredicted) fading and/or mobility-induced abrupt changes of the wireless environment without requiring forecasting. The actual effectiveness of the proposed SCBM is supported by extensive energy versus delay performance comparisons that cover: 1) a number of heterogeneous 3G/4G/WiFi FOGRAN scenarios; 2) synthetic and real-world workloads; and, 3) MPTCP and wireless connections

Recent Trends in Communication Networks

In recent years there has been many developments in communication technology. This has greatly enhanced the computing power of small handheld resource-constrained mobile devices. Different generations of communication technology have evolved. This had led to new research for communication of large volumes of data in different transmission media and the design of different communication protocols. Another direction of research concerns the secure and error-free communication between the sender and receiver despite the risk of the presence of an eavesdropper. For the communication requirement of a huge amount of multimedia streaming data, a lot of research has been carried out in the design of proper overlay networks. The book addresses new research techniques that have evolved to handle these challenges