Simple Δv approximation for optimization of debris-to-debris transfers

In this paper, a simple analytical method is developed to accurately approximate the transfer costs between two objects of the removal sequence. The accuracy of these estimations is verified by comparison with existing optimized solutions.Rendezvous transfers between two given orbits are dealt with using an accurate dynamic model that takes J2 perturbation into account. The state-of-the-art solution winner of the ninth Global Trajectory Optimization Competition (GTOC9) by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is used as benchmark to verify the accuracy of the method presented in this paper

A deterministic approach to active debris removal target selection

Many decisions, with widespread economic, political and legal consequences, are being considered based on the concerns about the sustainability of spaceflight and space debris simulations that show that Active Debris Removal (ADR) may be necessary.The debris environment predictions are affected by many sources of error, including low-accuracy ephemerides and propagators. This, together with the inherent unpredictability of e.g. solar activity or debris attitude, raises doubts about the ADR target-lists that are produced. Target selection is considered highly important, as removal of non-relevant objects will unnecessarily increase the overall mission cost [1].One of the primary factors that should be used in ADR target selection is the accumulated collision probability of every object [2]. To this end, a conjunction detection algorithm, based on the “smart sieve” method, has been developed and utilised with an example snapshot of the public two-line element catalogue. Another algorithm was then applied to the identified conjunctions to estimate the maximum and true probabilities of collisions taking place.Two target-lists were produced based on the ranking of the objects according to the probability they will take part in any collision over the simulated time window. These probabilities were computed using the maximum probability approach, which is time-invariant, and estimates of the true collision probability that were computed with covariance information.The top-priority targets are compared, and the impacts of the data accuracy and its decay highlighted. General conclusions regarding the importance of Space Surveillance and Tracking for the purpose of ADR are drawn and a deterministic method for ADR target selection, which could reduce the number of ADR missions to be performed, is propose

The Space Debris Environment and Satellite Manufacturing

Space debris is a growing threat to operational satellites and satellite manufacturing organizations. Leaders in satellite manufacturing organizations lacking adequate knowledge on the space debris risks could be at a competitive disadvantage. The purpose of this explorative case study was to explore strategies leaders in satellite manufacturing organizations use to mitigate risks through the conceptual lens of stakeholder theory, contingency theory, and general system theory. The research questions addressed strategies to mitigate the debris threat from the perspectives of both ongoing concerns and long-term risk resolution. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with 12 leaders, purposively selected, in satellite manufacturing organizations, and supplemented with documentation from the literature and archival records from NASA. Member checking was used to validate the transcribed data subsequently coded into 6 themes that included: meeting requirements; using analytical techniques; using shielding to protect satellites; implementing material and process innovation; developing satellite services; and generating end of mission requirements. Recommendations include maintaining and developing analytical competencies, funding research and development, and establishing standardization. Using strategies that facilitate risk mitigation and the preservation of the space environment, business leaders could benefit by developing strategic road maps that ensure continued access to space. Implications for social change include contributing to social stability, technology advancement, increased knowledge base, economic growth, higher education, and improved standard of living