Methods and techniques for analyzing human factors facets on drivers

Mención Internacional en el título de doctorWith millions of cars moving daily, driving is the most performed activity worldwide. Unfortunately, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year, around 1.35 million people worldwide die from road traffic accidents and, in addition, between 20 and 50 million people are injured, placing road traffic accidents as the second leading cause of death among people between the ages of 5 and 29. According to WHO, human errors, such as speeding, driving under the influence of drugs, fatigue, or distractions at the wheel, are the underlying cause of most road accidents. Global reports on road safety such as "Road safety in the European Union. Trends, statistics, and main challenges" prepared by the European Commission in 2018 presented a statistical analysis that related road accident mortality rates and periods segmented by hours and days of the week. This report revealed that the highest incidence of mortality occurs regularly in the afternoons during working days, coinciding with the period when the volume of traffic increases and when any human error is much more likely to cause a traffic accident. Accordingly, mitigating human errors in driving is a challenge, and there is currently a growing trend in the proposal for technological solutions intended to integrate driver information into advanced driving systems to improve driver performance and ergonomics. The study of human factors in the field of driving is a multidisciplinary field in which several areas of knowledge converge, among which stand out psychology, physiology, instrumentation, signal treatment, machine learning, the integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs), and the design of human-machine communication interfaces. The main objective of this thesis is to exploit knowledge related to the different facets of human factors in the field of driving. Specific objectives include identifying tasks related to driving, the detection of unfavorable cognitive states in the driver, such as stress, and, transversely, the proposal for an architecture for the integration and coordination of driver monitoring systems with other active safety systems. It should be noted that the specific objectives address the critical aspects in each of the issues to be addressed. Identifying driving-related tasks is one of the primary aspects of the conceptual framework of driver modeling. Identifying maneuvers that a driver performs requires training beforehand a model with examples of each maneuver to be identified. To this end, a methodology was established to form a data set in which a relationship is established between the handling of the driving controls (steering wheel, pedals, gear lever, and turn indicators) and a series of adequately identified maneuvers. This methodology consisted of designing different driving scenarios in a realistic driving simulator for each type of maneuver, including stop, overtaking, turns, and specific maneuvers such as U-turn and three-point turn. From the perspective of detecting unfavorable cognitive states in the driver, stress can damage cognitive faculties, causing failures in the decision-making process. Physiological signals such as measurements derived from the heart rhythm or the change of electrical properties of the skin are reliable indicators when assessing whether a person is going through an episode of acute stress. However, the detection of stress patterns is still an open problem. Despite advances in sensor design for the non-invasive collection of physiological signals, certain factors prevent reaching models capable of detecting stress patterns in any subject. This thesis addresses two aspects of stress detection: the collection of physiological values during stress elicitation through laboratory techniques such as the Stroop effect and driving tests; and the detection of stress by designing a process flow based on unsupervised learning techniques, delving into the problems associated with the variability of intra- and inter-individual physiological measures that prevent the achievement of generalist models. Finally, in addition to developing models that address the different aspects of monitoring, the orchestration of monitoring systems and active safety systems is a transversal and essential aspect in improving safety, ergonomics, and driving experience. Both from the perspective of integration into test platforms and integration into final systems, the problem of deploying multiple active safety systems lies in the adoption of monolithic models where the system-specific functionality is run in isolation, without considering aspects such as cooperation and interoperability with other safety systems. This thesis addresses the problem of the development of more complex systems where monitoring systems condition the operability of multiple active safety systems. To this end, a mediation architecture is proposed to coordinate the reception and delivery of data flows generated by the various systems involved, including external sensors (lasers, external cameras), cabin sensors (cameras, smartwatches), detection models, deliberative models, delivery systems and machine-human communication interfaces. Ontology-based data modeling plays a crucial role in structuring all this information and consolidating the semantic representation of the driving scene, thus allowing the development of models based on data fusion.I would like to thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for granting me the predoctoral fellowship BES-2016-078143 corresponding to the project TRA2015-63708-R, which provided me the opportunity of conducting all my Ph. D activities, including completing an international internship.Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología Informática por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: José María Armingol Moreno.- Secretario: Felipe Jiménez Alonso.- Vocal: Luis Mart

Mathematical models for glioma growh and migration inside the brain

284 p.Los gliomas forman el subtipo más prevalente, agresivo e invasivo de tumores cerebrales primarios,caracterizados por una rápida proliferación celular y una elevada capacidad de infiltración. A pesar de los avances de la investigación clínica, estos tumores suelen ser resistentes al tratamiento; la supervivencia media oscila entre 9 y 12 meses, siendo la recurrencia la principal causa de mortalidad.La migración y la invasión de los gliomas en el cerebro son fenómenos complejos y aún se desconocen varios de los mecanismos subyacentes que guían la progresión de estos tumores.En esta tesis, proponemos varios modelos matemáticos para estudiar diversos aspectos de la progresión del glioma en relación con las escalas microscópicas y macroscópicas que caracterizan este proceso. Considerar el carácter intrínsico multiescala de la evolución del glioma permite definir modelos basados en sistemas dinámicos, ecuaciones cinéticas y EDP macroscópicas con diferentes roles dependiendo de los fenómenos a estudiar. Uno de los objetivos principales de esta tesis es integrar datos biológicos y clínicos con los modelos matemáticos. Los datos experimentales utilizados se han obtenido de imágenes por resonancia magnética, de imágenes con tensor de difusión del cerebro humano y de análisis de inmunofluorescencia in vivo de distribuciones de varias proteínas en Drosophila, un modelo fiable para el estudio de la dinámica del glioblastoma.Analizamos las características de anisotropía del tejido nervioso, utilizando los datos del tensor de difusión, y la influencia de la estructura de las fibras en la dinámica de las células tumorales.Mostramos cómo la red de fibras guía la migración celular a lo largo de rutas preferenciales,reproduciendo los patrones ramificados y heterogéneos típicos de la evolución del glioma; asimismo,demostramos cómo los tratamientos multimodales pueden reducir este comportamiento.Estudiamos la interdependencia entre la acidez del microambiente y la vascularización en el proceso de angiogénesis tumoral. Para ello, construimos un modelo capaz de reproducir la influencia de estos mecanismos en el desarrollo de la heterogeneidad intratumoral y de características típicas de la progresión del glioma relacionadas con la hipoxia (e.g. la necrosis). Este estudio permite formular una clasificación de los tumores basada en el nivel de necrosis, así como la investigación de terapias multimodales que incluyan efectos antiangiogénicos.Investigamos la influencia de las protrusiones celulares desde una perspectiva no local.Analizamos su rol en el fenómeno de la guía por contacto y en la manifestación de efectos colaborativos o competitivos entre dos estímulos que determinan cambios de dirección de la velocidad celular.Utilizando el análisis experimental de las distribuciones de varias proteínas, evaluamos la relación de las protrusiones celulares con las integrinas y las proteasas como principales mecanismos de progresión del glioblastoma. Mostramos cómo las interacciones bioquímicas y biomecánicas de estos agentes dan como resultado el desarrollo de frentes de propagación tumoral, que pueden presentar una evolución dinámica y heterogénea en relación a los cambios ambientales.bcam:basque center for applied mathematics; La Caixa Foundatio

Análisis mediante elementos discretos (MED) y evaluación experimental bajo la Norma ASTM G-99 del desgaste en revestimientos duros aplicados por procesos de soldadura en uñas de acero 32MnCrMo6-4-3 de una excavadora hidráulica CAT 336D2 L

El desgaste de materiales es un fenómeno que afecta a todo tipo de industrias, debido a este gran problema, diferentes investigadores vienen desarrollando estudios para minimizar los efectos del desgaste. La presente tesis abarca el estudio de 3 recubrimientos duros aplicado en el acero de las uñas de Acero 32MnCrMo6-4-3 (K-130), utilizado en las excavadoras hidráulicas 336D2 L CAT y su incidencia en el desgaste presentado en la mina Barrick – Lagunas norte. Durante la elaboración de este proyecto se realizarán estudios y pruebas respecto a la resistencia al desgaste de los materiales anteriormente mencionados, mediante la norma ASTM G99 y elementos discretos (MED). Teniendo en cuenta factores como tenacidad, dureza, estructura, corrosión presente, modo y tipo de carga, composición química, rugosidad de la superficie, distancia recorrida, frecuencia de cambio, etc. Expresándolos mediante un marco conceptual y de referencia, la metodología con la cual se procedió en este proyecto y las actividades desarrolladas. Palabras claves: desgaste, uñas de acero, recubrimiento, excavadora hidráulica, elementos discretos, tenacidad, dureza, composición químicaTesi

Final Report to the Air Force Office of Scientific Research on Hygroviscoelasticity of the Human Intervertebral Disc

In order to gain an improved understanding of the behavior of human intervertebral disc material under various kinds of loads the viscoelastic properties of small specimens excised from human L4-L5 discs were examined. Excisions were made from donated spine segments procured a few hours after death and then frozen. Material examined was in the form of single lamellar specimens as well as specimens containing several lamellae. Tensile relaxation tests were performed on single lamellae prepared such that the collagen fibers were a) aligned with the tension axis, b) normal to the tension axis and c) at an angle of about 30[degrees] with that axis. The multi-lamellar specimens were excised from the disc such that one set produced the tensile axis to run parallel to the disc circumference (surrounding the spinal axis) while another set caused the tensile axis to run parallel to the spinal axis. It was found early in the study that the water content of the disc material has a profound effect on its mechanical response. Consequently the diffusion and swelling characteristics of the material in different water environments were studied. Primarily air of differing relative humidity and various concentrated solutions of NaCl were used to provide for different water concentrations in the material. For the relaxation studies the same environments were used. This allowed achieving water concentrations ranging from virtually dry to in-vivo conditions. The main findings of this work are: 1) Water affects the relaxation time in a sensitive way. A few percent change in water content can change the relaxation time by an order of magnitude or more. This fact is important when one is concerned with laboratory testing without being able to control the water content at all times. 2) Diffusion is a surprisingly slow process taking place over several hours (2-3) in specimens only 1/2 mm thick. The amount of water take-up is controlled by the environment (distilled water destroys samples into fissures) and by constraints offered by the fiber structure and the stresses it engenders (see point 5) below). 3) The stiffness of the disc material is on the order of 3 to 10 x 10^-6 N/m^2; relaxation occuring, on the whole rather slowly, i.e., on the order of 10% per decade. The relaxation modulus at right angles to the collagen fibers is about 1/3 that of the modulus along the fiber direction. 4) The relaxation modulus of multi-layer specimens cut from the disc in a circumferential and a spine-axial direction are very nearly the same; the modulus for the circumferential material is slightly higher. The consequence of this would be that although one would expect a markedly anisotropic behavior of the disc material on the basis of its fiber and lamellar construction, the disc material does not deviate very strongly from isotropic response. (Isotropy as-referred to a plane that is tangent to the disc perimetric surface.) 5) Stress affects the equilibrium concentration of water in the material. The implication - and test result - is that once the stress has changed the equilibrium of water content with the environment is disturbed and the concentration changes. That change, in turn, causes a change in relaxation behavior such that tensile stresses cause an acceleration of relaxation or creep (softening), while compression would cause the opposite affect (hardening). The material responds thus to stress as a system that is open to the environment

Mathematical models for glioma growh and migration inside the brain

284 p.Los gliomas forman el subtipo más prevalente, agresivo e invasivo de tumores cerebrales primarios,caracterizados por una rápida proliferación celular y una elevada capacidad de infiltración. A pesar de los avances de la investigación clínica, estos tumores suelen ser resistentes al tratamiento; la supervivencia media oscila entre 9 y 12 meses, siendo la recurrencia la principal causa de mortalidad.La migración y la invasión de los gliomas en el cerebro son fenómenos complejos y aún se desconocen varios de los mecanismos subyacentes que guían la progresión de estos tumores.En esta tesis, proponemos varios modelos matemáticos para estudiar diversos aspectos de la progresión del glioma en relación con las escalas microscópicas y macroscópicas que caracterizan este proceso. Considerar el carácter intrínsico multiescala de la evolución del glioma permite definir modelos basados en sistemas dinámicos, ecuaciones cinéticas y EDP macroscópicas con diferentes roles dependiendo de los fenómenos a estudiar. Uno de los objetivos principales de esta tesis es integrar datos biológicos y clínicos con los modelos matemáticos. Los datos experimentales utilizados se han obtenido de imágenes por resonancia magnética, de imágenes con tensor de difusión del cerebro humano y de análisis de inmunofluorescencia in vivo de distribuciones de varias proteínas en Drosophila, un modelo fiable para el estudio de la dinámica del glioblastoma.Analizamos las características de anisotropía del tejido nervioso, utilizando los datos del tensor de difusión, y la influencia de la estructura de las fibras en la dinámica de las células tumorales.Mostramos cómo la red de fibras guía la migración celular a lo largo de rutas preferenciales,reproduciendo los patrones ramificados y heterogéneos típicos de la evolución del glioma; asimismo,demostramos cómo los tratamientos multimodales pueden reducir este comportamiento.Estudiamos la interdependencia entre la acidez del microambiente y la vascularización en el proceso de angiogénesis tumoral. Para ello, construimos un modelo capaz de reproducir la influencia de estos mecanismos en el desarrollo de la heterogeneidad intratumoral y de características típicas de la progresión del glioma relacionadas con la hipoxia (e.g. la necrosis). Este estudio permite formular una clasificación de los tumores basada en el nivel de necrosis, así como la investigación de terapias multimodales que incluyan efectos antiangiogénicos.Investigamos la influencia de las protrusiones celulares desde una perspectiva no local.Analizamos su rol en el fenómeno de la guía por contacto y en la manifestación de efectos colaborativos o competitivos entre dos estímulos que determinan cambios de dirección de la velocidad celular.Utilizando el análisis experimental de las distribuciones de varias proteínas, evaluamos la relación de las protrusiones celulares con las integrinas y las proteasas como principales mecanismos de progresión del glioblastoma. Mostramos cómo las interacciones bioquímicas y biomecánicas de estos agentes dan como resultado el desarrollo de frentes de propagación tumoral, que pueden presentar una evolución dinámica y heterogénea en relación a los cambios ambientales.bcam:basque center for applied mathematics; La Caixa Foundatio

Mathematical models for glioma growth and migration inside the brain

Gliomas are the most prevalent, aggressive, and invasive subtype of primary brain tumors, characterized by rapid cell proliferation and great infiltration capacity. De- spite the advances of clinical research, these tumors are often resistant to treatment, the median survival ranges between 9 and 12 months, and recurrence is the main cause of mortality. Glioma migration and invasion into the brain tissue is a complex phenomenon and little is still known about the underlying mechanisms that lead to tumor progression. In this thesis, we propose several mathematical models studying various aspects of glioma progression in relation to the microscopic and macroscopic scales charac- terizing this process. Exploiting the inherently multiscale nature of glioma evolution allows to define models based on dynamical systems, kinetic equations, and macro- scopic PDEs with different roles depending on the considered phenomena. The in- tegration of biological and clinical data with the mathematical models is one of the key objectives of this thesis. The experimental data at hand are obtained from mag- netic resonance and diffusion tensor images of the human brain and from in-vivo im- munofluorescence analysis of protein distributions in Drosophila, a reliable model for the study of glioblastoma dynamics. We analyze the anisotropic characteristics of the brain tissue, using the diffusion tensor data, and the influence of the fiber structures on tumor cell dynamics. We show how the fiber network directs cell migration along preferential paths, reproducing the branched and heterogeneous patterns typical of glioma evolution, and how multi- modal treatments can reduce this behavior. We study the interdependency of microenvironmental acidity and vasculature in tumor angiogenesis, defining a model capable of reproducing their influence on the emergence of phenotypic heterogeneity and hypoxia-related features (like necrosis) typical of glioma progression. This study enables the testing of a necrosis-based tumor grading and the investigation of multi-modal therapies with anti-angiogenic effects. We investigated the role of cell protrusions from a non-local perspective. We ex- plore their influence on the contact guidance phenomenon and on the emergence of collaborative or competitive effects between two cues driving cell velocity changes. Using the experimental analysis of protein distributions, we evaluate cell protru- sion relationship with integrins and proteases as leading mechanisms of glioblastoma progression. We show how the biochemical and biomechanical interactions of these agents result in the emergence of tumor propagation fronts, which can feature a dy- namical and heterogenous evolution in relation to environmental changes.European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713673. ”la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434), with fellowship code LCF/BQ/IN17/11620056