Polynomial Triangles Revisited

A polynomial triangle is an array whose inputs are the coefficients in integral powers of a polynomial. Although polynomial coefficients have appeared in several works, there is no systematic treatise on this topic. In this paper we plan to fill this gap. We describe some aspects of these arrays, which generalize similar properties of the binomial coefficients. Some combinatorial models enumerated by polynomial coefficients, including lattice paths model, spin chain model and scores in a drawing game, are introduced. Several known binomial identities are then extended. In addition, we calculate recursively generating functions of column sequences. Interesting corollaries follow from these recurrence relations such as new formulae for the Fibonacci numbers and Hermite polynomials in terms of trinomial coefficients. Finally, properties of the entropy density function that characterizes polynomial coefficients in the thermodynamical limit are studied in details.Comment: 24 pages with 1 figure eps include

Looking Out, Looking In: Contemporary Artists from Morocco

This is the catalogue of the exhibition "Looking Out, Looking In: Contemporary Artists from Morocco" held at Faye G., Jo, and James Stone Gallery 855 Commonwealth Avenue from February 8, 2019 – March 31, 2019. The exhibition is curated by Cynthia Becker, Associate Professor of African Art, Boston University Department of History of Art and Architecture and Nadia Sabri, Professor of Art History and curator, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Mohammed V in Rabat, Morocco. Participating artists are Hassan Darsi, Wiame Haddad, Hassan Hajjaj, Randa Maroufi, Safaa Mazirh, Lamia Naji, and Nour Eddine Tilsaghani.Looking Out, Looking In: Contemporary Artists from Morocco brings together seven diverse Moroccan photographers and videographers for the first time. Each works in a unique style and comes from a different background, but what links them is their exploration of how seeing is not always equated with knowing. They recognize that the process of looking is a political act and seek to emphasize the ambiguity of meaning contained within the visual. Some artists consider how Moroccan society is looked at by outsiders and confront the historical biases inherent in the colonial gaze. Others imagine a world without borders, making sense of the boundaries that divide nation-states. Some consider aspects of Moroccan culture hidden from public view due to political oppression. Each uses their art to contemplate the moral and emotional experiences of looking in at oneself in response to looking out at the complex social issues that impact Morocco today.The exhibition is co-sponsored with Boston University’s African Studies Center, the Boston University Arts Initiative, the Institute for the Study of Muslim Societies & Civilizations, the Department of History of Art & Architecture. The Boston University Art Galleries programs are supported in part through a grant from the Boston Cultural Council and administered by the Mayor’s Office of Arts and Culture

What All Americans Should Know About Women in the Muslim World: Clarifying Stereotypes About Muslim Women in Morocco

The stereotypes about Muslims in Morocco as well as Morocco in general are widespread and often incorrect. The present paper combines both scholarly review and personal experience to clarify stereotypes about public space, work, education, and personal life, focusing specifically on women. Hopefully, this analysis will assist in educating the public about Muslims in Morocco and reveal the under-appreciated similarities between Moroccan and American women

EU-Morocco Negotiations on a Readmission Agreement: Obstacles to a Successful Conclusion. College of Europe EU diplomacy 07/2019

The European Union (EU) has increasingly sought to tackle irregular migration through cooperation with third countries. One of the key instruments in this regard have been EU readmission agreements (EURAs), which commit non-EU countries to take back irregular migrants. The European Commission obtained a mandate to negotiate an EURA with Morocco already in 2000, but negotiations have thus far remained inconclusive. This paper aims to shed light on the reasons for this failure. It argues that an EURA could not be concluded because the incentives offered by the EU have been insufficient, for instance in the case of legal migration and mobility, or they were granted despite the lack of cooperation. Considerable funding and the symbolically important ‘advanced status’ under the European Neighbourhood Policy were allocated to Morocco anyway because the EU is dependent on Morocco for migration control. This dependency puts the EU in a weak bargaining position as it cannot credibly withhold benefits in case of Morocco’s non-compliance. The credibility of the EU’s conditionality is further undermined by inconsistencies within its multilevel system of governance. The existence of bilateral alternatives to an EURA is particularly problematic in this regard. Based on these findings, the paper suggests that the EU should (1) conclude more readmission agreements with countries of origin to take some pressure off Morocco; (2) link the allocation of funding and the conclusion of new agreements to progress in the EURA negotiations; (3) lower its dependence on Morocco by enhancing its own border control capabilities; (4) relaunch the negotiations for a visa facilitation agreement and broaden their scope; and (5) increase coherence in order to present a united front to Morocco

EXCHANGE RATE AND INFLATION TARGETING IN MOROCCO AND TUNISIA

Morocco and Tunisia have started to open their markets to international trade and capital flows in order to bolster investment and growth. These liberalization programs require important adjustments in their economic policies, in particular their exchange rate regimes and monetary policies. This objective of this paper is to examine why Morocco and Tunisia should progressively opt for greater exchange rate flexibility as well as a monetary policy based on inflation targeting rather than exchange rate targeting and money-growth rules, as their markets are increasingly liberalized. First, their past economic policies are reviewed and analyzed. Second, the theoretical sources of inflation (cost push and demand pull factors as well as factors due to financial liberalization) are identified. Third, a Markov switching model with time-varying transition probabilities is estimated for Morocco and Tunisia to provide important information concerning the mechanisms underlying inflation regime changes. The empirical results provide evidence that high inflation regimes are more persistent in Morocco than in Tunisia, and that inflation regime switches can be explained by external shocks in the 1970s, and by the sound fiscal and monetary policies in the mid-1980s. Finally the institutional and operational conditions for the success of an inflation-targeting framework are outlined.Markov switching; Inflation; Inflation targeting, Monetary policy, Central Banks; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination; Morocco; Tunisia

New records of Orchids from Morocco

The exploration of the Rif Valley (Morocco) during 2010 revealed the presence of some new taxa and records from Morocco. The new taxa are: Orchis langei subsp. magrebensis and Ophrys neglecta var. riphaea. Ophrys neglecta var. neglecta and Ophrys numida have been detected for the first time in Morocco

Kepentingan Maroko melakukan normalisasi hubungan dengan Israel melalui Deklarasi Bersama Maroko dengan Israel

This study aims to analyze Morocco's interests in normalizing relations with Israel through the Joint Declaration.This declaration is an effort to normalize diplomatic relations carried out by Morocco and Israel. This study uses a qualitative approach by collecting secondary data from various sources from literature studies and online network systems. In this study, the authors use the Theory of Realism initiated by Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen and using the concept of national interest from H. Morgenthau. The results of the research show that there is a national interest that Morocco is trying to achieve in normalizing relations with Israel through a joint declaration that will be implemented in 2020. According to Morgenthau, national interests consist of three aspects, namely physical identity interests, political interests to cultural interests. In line with this, Morocco normalized with Israel because of physical identity interests, namely the desire to maintain integrity and power in the Western Sahara region, political interests, namely to gain support and additional strength from Israel and Western groups, as well as cultural interests, as the heyday of the former Moroccan Kingdom. are in the same government as Western Sahara. Therefore, from the normalization of diplomatic relations, Morocco will gain recognition in terms of controlling Western Sahara and obtaining political support from Israel and the United States, as well as other benefits

Liberal outcomes through undemocratic means: the reform of the Code de statut personnel in Morocco

The 2004 reform of the family code in Morocco has been held as one of the most significant liberal reforms undertaken in the country, and has led scholars and policy makers to argue that this demonstrates the democratic progress Morocco and the King are making. At the same time, the role of the women's movement in getting the reform approved has seemingly confirmed that associational life is crucial in promoting democratisation. This paper, building on theoretical work questioning the linkage between a strong civil society and democratic outcomes, argues that civil society activism does not necessarily lead to democratisation, and may reinforce authoritarian practices. Far from demonstrating the centrality of civil society, the process through which the new family code was passed highlights the crucial institutional role of the monarch, whose individual decision-making power has driven the whole process. Authoritarianism finds itself strengthened in Morocco despite the liberal nature and outcome of the reform

Wage Inequality by Education and Gender in MENA: Contrasting the Egyptian and Moroccan Experiences in the 1990s

The 1990s has been a decade of considerable socioeconomic change in the MENA region characterized by adoption of economic liberalization policies and a declining role of the state as an employer in the labor market. This paper explores some of the equity implications of this transition by examining changes in the distribution of returns to education and gender wage premia in the Egypt and Morocco market using joint models of educational choice and wage determination. Selectivity corrected returns to different levels of education indicate that a reduction in the role of the public sector lead to lower returns in the private sector and falling returns over time. Only at the university level, are returns higher in the private sector in Egypt indicating that employers place relatively little value on basic and secondary education. In Morocco there is some evidence of higher returns in the private sector by the end of the 1990, which might be indicative of better matching of educational credentials and productivity differences. Oaxaca-Blinder wages-differentials decompositions of sector and gender wage gap for Egypt and Morocco indicate that the unexplained component in public wage premia and gender gaps have declined in Egypt, but substantially increased in Morocco over the 1990s. Overall, economic liberalization and public sector retrenchment which were much more comprehensive in Morocco appear to have had a more dislocating effect also on labor market wage outcomes. The paper ends with some policy implications and suggests future directions of research in the areas of educational and public sector reform and policies to improve access of women to the private sectors in MENA

The Free Trade Agreement Between the United States and Morocco. The Importance of a Gradual and Assymetric Agreement

The agreement recently signed between Morocco and the United States foresees several modalities in dismantling tariffs. Our simulations show that the various modalities of trade liberalization may have different impacts on the welfare, the rate of growth and the sectoral trade balance of these two countries. More precisely, our findings justify the interest of a gradual and asymmetrical agreement. In addition, the free trade agreement (FTA) between the US and Morocco will have a significant impact not only on trade between the two countries, but also on their trading relationships with other countries. The most important trade diversion will affect the EU and particularly France, which is Morocco's largest trading partner. It will also adversely affect the other North African countries. The FTA will thus offer the opportunity to Morocco to diversify its markets and its capabilities, which are currently focused on the EU, particularly on France and Spain.Trade Policy; Liberalization; Free trade Agreement; Simulation, CGE Model; Morocco; United-States