Hydrobiological service for observations and control of surface waters in the USSR

Technological progress, having reached in our time an unprecedented speed, is still increasing the rate of mineral extraction, industrial construction, and the mastering of new kinds of energy is growing. Correspondingly the anthropogenic load on the biosphere is increased and that requires the comprehensive development of monitoring the anthropogenic changes in the natural environment. Among problems resulting from the scientific-technological development, a noticeable place is given to the problem of pure water. Surface land waters proved to be a sensitive link in the natural environment. The hydrobiological service for observations and control of the surface waters is one of the subsystems of the State/Federal Service for Observations and Control of pollution levels in environmental objects, conducted by the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeor- ology and Control of the Natural Environment. This paper summarises the the main principles of the organisation and goals of the national system of monitoring of the state of the natural environment in the USSR

Assessment and monitoring of marine pollution in Manzanillo and Santiago Bays, Colima, Mexico

During the last 10 years or so, enormous amounts of money have been invested in Manzanillo for several new installations and improvement of others. Some of the most important are the building of the thermoelectric power plant, the development of the interior port, construction of new highways, exploitation of iron ores, and the development of new touristic complexes. These investments were the starting point for many others, which together will make Manzanillo the principal port of the Mexican Pacific coast in both commerce and services (1), since its strategic location makes it ideal to be the connecting point of three important zones of Mexico: the Central part of the Pacific coast, the West, and the Center. In order to achieve this goal, the State government has developed the Plan Colima, in which the main projects to be done are outlined. The Plan involves not only Manzanillo, but also the rest of the counties, and the objectives are those that have been set in the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (National Plan of Development) presented by the President of the country for the period 1983-1988 (2), which is intended to do the following: 1. Keep and reinforce the democratic institutions. 2. Overcome the economic crisis. 3. Recover the capacity for economic growth. 4. Start the qualitative changes required by the country in its economic, political, and social aspects

Validación y detección automática del transporte dispersivo del emisario submarino de Mar del Plata, Argentina

The submarine outfall of Mar del Plata city at Camet was projected considering the mean and maximum of forecasted sewage discharges, the inner-shelf depth, coliform concentration and its decay (T90) mainly induced by sunlight effect and costal salinity. In 2016 the outfall was operating with a length of 3,810 m and diffusers in the last 526 m. An economical method to monitor its performance in relation to the surroundings, is remote-sensing techniques, applying either visible or radar images. Tidal currents parallel to the coast are responsible for the transport of the sedimentary plume in the far field, after a primary dilution from a depth of 11 m. Visible images (1.5 to 6 m spatial resolution) are effective in monitoring the plume entrained in the upper portion of the water column. These analyses led to study the interaction between waves and coastal currents. Radar images (30 m resolution X and C bands) permit to survey the slick-alike plume that differs from the environment water by the surface roughness. Comparing both techniques visible images can distinguish the different colours of the plume; instead, the radar images are showing the surface roughness from the slick-alike plume. The main advantage of active sensors is that they can map the plume during a cloudy weather and even during night time.El emisario submarino de Mar del Plata en Camet fue proyectado considerando las descargas cloacales promedio y máximas previstas, la profundidad de la plataforma vecina, la concentración de coliformes y el decaimiento (T90) inducido por la luz solar y la salinidad. En 2016 el emisario operaba con una longitud de 3.810 m con difusores en los últimos 526 m. Un método poco oneroso para analizar su comportamiento en relación a su entorno es la aplicación de técnicas de teledetección tanto en el espectro visible como mediante imágenes de radar. Las corrientes de marea paralelas a la costa son responsables de una pluma sedimentaria en el campo lejano, luego de una dilución primaria desde una profundidad de 11 m. Las imágenes visibles (resolución espacial de 1,5 a 6 m) son efectivas para monitorear la pluma extendida en la capa superior del mar. Estos análisis permiten el estudio de la interacción entre olas y corrientes costeras. Las imágenes de radar (resolución de 30 m en las bandas X y C) permiten relevar plumas superficiales semejantes a derrames de aceites por su rugosidad. Comparando ambas técnicas las imágenes visibles pueden distinguir plumas de diferentes colores del agua; por el contrario, las imágenes de radar están mostrando diferencias en la tensión superficial. La principal ventaja de los sensores activos es que permiten monitorear la pluma durante tiempo nuboso incluso sin luz solar

Pengaruh Batimetri Perairan Terhadap Distribusi Plutonium-239/240 (239/240pu) Dalam Sedimen Di Perairan Gresik

Keberadaan suatu unsur radionuklida secara alamiah sudah terdapat di dunia oleh proses alam dalam tubuh bumi itu sendiri,selain itu berbagai aktivitas manusia juga menyebabkan keberadaan aktivitas suatu unsur radionuklida. Plutonium-239/240 adalah radionuklida reaktif (non konservatif) di mana unsur radionuklida ini lebih mudah berpindah dari laut yang disebabkan afinitasnya terhadap permukaan partikel alam yang menyebabkan radionuklida ini tenggelam ke dasar laut dan masuk ke dalam sedimen. Sifat toxic dari plutonium-239/240 menjadi perhatian khusus bagi pemantauan pencemaran laut di Perairan Gresik. Pergerakan arus laut secara terus menerus menjadi salah satu faktor pembentuk pantai, yang juga berperan dalam distribusi dari suatu pencemaran tertentu. Batimetri perairan menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi arus laut, di mana semakin tinggi kemiringan suatu dasar perairan semakin besar pula kecepatan arusnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh batimetri perairan terhadap distribusi aktivitas 239/240Pu dalam sedimen di perairan Gresik. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa batimetri perairan Gresik pada lokasi penelitian berkisar antara 68cm hingga 341cm. Batimetri perairan berpengaruh terhadap distribusi Plutonium-239/240 dalam sedimen, dimana aktivitas radionuklida plutonium-239/240 cenderung lebih tinggi pada perairan yang dangkal dan mengalami penurunan aktivitas diperairan yang dalam

Acute toxicity of copper, zinc and mercury on intertidal gastropods of Mumbai coast

The acute toxicity test conducted by static bioassay techniques have revealed that among selected heavy metals, copper is more toxic than zinc and mercury to Planaxis sulcatus and Trochus radiatus. The natural availability of heavy metals in the surrounding environment of these organisms is found to be deciding factor for their toxicity. Natural habitat of the animal also contributes to the sensitivity of a particular animal to the heavy metals tested. In addition the tendency of the animal to overcome the adverse conditions in their surrounding also plays a significant role in toxicity of pollutants

Finding Plastic Patches in Coastal Waters using Optical Satellite Data

Satellites collecting optical data offer a unique perspective from which to observe the problem of plastic litter in the marine environment, but few studies have successfully demonstrated their use for this purpose. For the first time, we show that patches of floating macroplastics are detectable in optical data acquired by the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-2 satellites and, furthermore, are distinguishable from naturally occurring materials such as seaweed. We present case studies from four countries where suspected macroplastics were detected in Sentinel-2 Earth Observation data. Patches of materials on the ocean surface were highlighted using a novel Floating Debris Index (FDI) developed for the Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI). In all cases, floating aggregations were detectable on sub-pixel scales, and appeared to be composed of a mix of seaweed, sea foam, and macroplastics. Building first steps toward a future monitoring system, we leveraged spectral shape to identify macroplastics, and a Naïve Bayes algorithm to classify mixed materials. Suspected plastics were successfully classified as plastics with an accuracy of 86

Final Evaluation: WA4 - Sustainable Management of Offshore Oil and Gas Activities in West Africa-COBIA 2017-2022

The West African ecoregion is rich in biodiversity and provides numerous ecosystem services. But it is also a region that is environmentally sensitive. The discovery of significant hydrocarbon reserves off the West African coast, particularly in Senegal and Mauritania, and ongoing oil and gas exploration in Guinea Bissau and Sierra Leone, offer new development opportunities but also pose additional risks for local people and economies, and for marine and coastal ecosystems if they are not properly managed.In this context, protection of marine and coastal environments and biodiversity conservation are fast becoming priorities for West Africa. That is why we launched COBIA, a multistakeholder project designed to mitigate the environmental impacts and support the sustainable management of oil and gas activities in the West African region

CMFRI Newsletter No.038 October- December 1987

Abstract not availabl