Hybridization of a RoR HPP with a BESS—The XFLEX HYDRO Vogelgrun Demonstrator

In the XFLEX HYDRO Vogelgrun demonstrator, a run-of-river hydropower plant, the hybridization of one turbine-generator unit with a battery energy storage system is being investigated. This paper describes the integration methodology of the hybrid control algorithm without replacing the existing speed governor of the unit. Furthermore, the comparison of the performances of a non-hybrid and hybrid unit is discussed, and first experiences gained during the operation and monitoring of the hybrid operating mode are presented.This work has been realized with the participation of INES.2S. David Valentín and Alexandre Presas acknowledge the Serra Húnter program. The corresponding author would like to express his gratitude to Nicolas Ruchonnet for his contributions during the revision.Postprint (published version

Propulsion Control Technology Development in the United States A Historical Perspective

This paper presents a historical perspective of the advancement of control technologies for aircraft gas turbine engines. The paper primarily covers technology advances in the United States in the last 60 years (1940 to approximately 2002). The paper emphasizes the pioneering technologies that have been tested or implemented during this period, assimilating knowledge and experience from industry experts, including personal interviews with both current and retired experts. Since the first United States-built aircraft gas turbine engine was flown in 1942, engine control technology has evolved from a simple hydro-mechanical fuel metering valve to a full-authority digital electronic control system (FADEC) that is common to all modern aircraft propulsion systems. At the same time, control systems have provided engine diagnostic functions. Engine diagnostic capabilities have also evolved from pilot observation of engine gauges to the automated on-board diagnostic system that uses mathematical models to assess engine health and assist in post-flight troubleshooting and maintenance. Using system complexity and capability as a measure, we can break the historical development of control systems down to four phases: (1) the start-up phase (1942 to 1949), (2) the growth phase (1950 to 1969), (3) the electronic phase (1970 to 1989), and (4) the integration phase (1990 to 2002). In each phase, the state-of-the-art control technology is described and the engines that have become historical landmarks, from the control and diagnostic standpoint, are identified. Finally, a historical perspective of engine controls in the last 60 years is presented in terms of control system complexity, number of sensors, number of lines of software (or embedded code), and other factors

Review of primary frequency control requirements on the GB power system against a background of increasing renewable generation

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Engineering and awarded by Brunel University.The system frequency of a synchronous power system varies with the imbalance of energy supplied and the electrical energy consumed. When large generating blocks are lost, the system undergoes a frequency swing relative to the size of the loss. Limits imposed on the magnitude of frequency deviation† prevent system collapse. Operation of frequency responsive plant to control frequency, results in lower machine efficiencies. Changes to the generation mix on the British transmission system have occurred in the past ten years, when the response requirement was last reviewed. Future increased levels of wind turbines‡ will alter the operational characteristics of the system and warrant investigation. A process to optimise the response requirements while maintaining statutory limits on frequency deviation has been identified. The method requires suitable load and generator models to replicate transmission system performance. A value to substitute for current load sensitivity to frequency has been presented from empirical studies. Traditional coal fired generator models have been improved with additional functions to provide a comparable response with existing units. A novel combined cycle gas turbine model using fundamental equations and control blocks has also been developed. A doubly fed induction generator model, based on existing literature, has been introduced for representing wind turbine behaviour in system response studies. Validation of individual models and the complete system against historic loss events has established confidence in the method. A review of the current system with the dynamic model showed that current primary response requirements are inadequate. The secondary response requirements generally show a slight reduction in the holding levels. Simulations including extra wind generation have shown that there is potential to reduce the primary response requirement in the future. The secondary response requirements are maintained with added wind farms

Active Power Controls from Wind Power: Bridging the Gaps

This paper details a comprehensive study undertaken by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Electric Power Research Institute, and the University of Colorado to understand how the contribution of wind power providing active power control (APC) can benefit the total power system economics, increase revenue streams, improve the reliability and security of the power system, and provide superior and efficient response while reducing any structural and loading impacts that may reduce the life of the wind turbine or its components. The study includes power system simulations, control simulations, and actual field tests using turbines at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). The study focuses on synthetic inertial control, primary frequency control, and automatic generation control, and analyzes timeframes ranging from milliseconds to minutes to the lifetime of wind turbines, locational scope ranging from components of turbines to large wind plants to entire synchronous interconnections, and additional topics ranging from economics to power system engineering to control design

Neem oil as biopesticides

Agricultural biotechnology is a wide logical method used to improve plants, animals, and microorganisms. The biotechnology cycle in the agricultural segment incorporates improving the harvests, living things, and microorganism's quality and resistibility by hereditary adjustment. Other than that, biotechnology in agriculture additionally known from the utilization of more secure natural sources to create an item that will be ready to ensure and build the creation of yields and domesticated animals, for example, manure and biopesticides. The World Health Organization (WHO) likewise had reported that the synthetic based pesticides would arrive at their constraints of utilization as it loses their adequacy after some time. This can be shown by the disclosure of pesticides obstruction bugs. The neem plant was accounted for as the top rundown spices that can possibly go about as a biopesticide; this is because of the presence of various dynamic mixes known as limonoids. The significant compound is the azadirachtin which assumes an essential job as bug sprays, and it executes the focused-on bugs by troubling their development and generative system. The neem oil biopesticides additionally are less harmful towards living beings and less contamination toward nature. In this way, the neem removed biopesticides are presently popularized and have been sold and utilized in different nations

Frequency Control of Microgrid Network using Intelligent Techniques – ANN, PSO and ANFIS

The electric grid is a complex system that transmits electricity from the point of generation to the point of consumption. According to the IEA, worldwide energy-related carbon emissions in 2021 will be 36.3Gt, 60% greater than at the start of the industrial revolution. Researchers have used intelligent solutions for power system frequency regulation to ensure that the system\u27s frequency is maintained. A proper frequency control of the microgrid necessitates the modeling and study of the systems. To emulate the operation of the human brain, frequency control employs a variety of artificial intelligence-based computer algorithms. This thesis generates a complete state space model of a microgrid composed of solar power plants, wind turbines, battery storage systems, and backup generators. The system frequency control was created for this system and analyzed against a benchmark PID controller utilizing several intelligent controllers such as PSO optimized PID, ANN, and ANFIS. The suggested intelligent frequency controllers were be simulated and validated using MATLAB/ Simulink

Energy Management Control for Multimode Microgrid Renewable Integration

The need for storing energy has grown in correlation with the need for renewable and distributed energy resources. Designing a storage unit system which complements the distributed generation is required for increased efficiency and reducing the burden on the utility grid. The energy storage model used in this thesis is the Li-ion battery which is efficient, has high energy density and has applications in field of electronics, transportation and electric power industry. The wind turbine generator, photovoltaic (PV) and the energy storage unit modeled in this work share a symbiotic relationship even though they are completely separate entities which can be connected at separate locations. This study contributes better control as well as ease of connection to the system. To show the effect of storage unit on microgrid distribution system two test systems were considered, standalone system and standard IEEE 13 node feeder system with wind turbine generator and photovoltaic panel. The integration and control of energy storage system is achieved using a battery energy management control (BEMC) at the upper level and a real/reactive power controlled voltage source converter at the lower level. To enhance the control, optimization is performed where the proportional gain and the integral time constant of the PI controller are optimized using genetic algorithm which reduces the losses and increases the efficiency of the system. The results show that the battery energy management control system is effective in controlling the modes of operation of energy storage module based on the wind and solar conditions and is able to completely balance the power produced by the wind generator and PV modules. In this thesis all the test systems and the control were implemented in PSCAD as it is emerging as the new industry standard for transient power applications research

Phase domain modelling and simulation of large-scale power systems with VSC-based FACTS equipment

Most of the analysis techniques available for planning and operation of multiphase power systems are based upon the assumption that the network operates under perfectly balanced conditions. The advantage of this assumption from the modelling view point is that only one phase of the three phase system needs to be considered for analysis, resulting in a reduced size of the problem at hand. However, the phase frame of reference offers a more general representation for the solution of power system problems than the frame of reference provided by the sequences. The former can accommodate networks containing any degree of unbalance whilst the latter is only applicable to power networks exhibiting perfect or near-perfect impedance balance between phases. The thesis reports on the development of steady state and time domain models of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers in the natural framework of electric systems, i.e. namely the phase co-ordinates domain. The FACTS equipment selected for analytical development in this research are: the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), the unified power flow controller (UPFC) and the high-voltage direct current (HVDC). These power electronics-based controllers have the voltage source converter as their main constituent. The combined solution of both steady state and dynamic power flow equations pertaining to the VSC-based FACTS controllers and the power network are fully described in the thesis. The steady-state mathematical models of VSC-based FACTS controllers are formulated in nodal form using the frame of reference of the phases. Guidelines for their implementation into two distinct power flows algorithm namely, the Newton-Raphson in polar co-ordinates and the Newton-Raphson in rectangular coordinates are given. For the purpose of long-term dynamic assessment, a simultaneous solution using implicit trapezoidal integration method with Newton iteration is used to solve the set of differential-algebraic equations of generating plants and network components. In order to assess both the steady state and the dynamic behaviour of the models developed, a comprehensive, newly developed integrated software environment is used

Dynamic Modelling and Control of Grid-Level Energy Storage Systems

The focus of this work is on two energy storage technologies, namely pumped storage hydroelectricity (PHS) and secondary batteries. Under secondary battery technologies, two potential technologies for grid-scale storage, namely high-temperature sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery and vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), are investigated. PHS is a largescale (\u3e100 MW) technology that stores and generates energy by transporting water between two reservoirs at different elevations. The goal is to develop a detailed dynamic model of PHS and then design the controllers to follow the desired load trajectory accurately with high efficiency. The NaS battery and VRFB are advanced secondary batteries which can be charged and discharged rapidly. Since temperature excursion of high temperature NaS batteries especially under fast cycling conditions is a safety hazard and the temperature excursion can take place at some location within the cell where measurement is not feasible, the focus is on a model-based approach for transient analysis and development of novel thermal management techniques. A detailed thermo-electrochemical dynamic model of a single NaS has been developed. As a detailed cell model is computationally intractable for simulating large number of cells in the battery, various strategies such as coordinate transformation, orthogonal collocation, and model reformulation have been developed to obtain a reduced order model that solves significantly faster than the full, high-dimensional model but provides an accurate estimate of the key variables such as transient voltage/current/temperature profile in the cell. Sodium sulfur batteries need to be maintained within a temperature range of 300-4000C. Therefore, the focus was on developing thermal management strategies that can not only maintain the cell temperature near the optimum, but can effectively utilize the heat, improving the overall efficiency of the battery system. VRFBs can provide large amount of storage as the electrolytes are stored in separate tanks. However, the self-discharge reactions (due to crossover) along with the undesired side reactions and the dissolved water in the membrane, can significantly reduce the capacity. A dynamic model-based approach is developed for detection, identification, and estimation of capacity fade and SOC as a function of time. A model-based prognostic capability has been developed for estimating the remaining useful cell life