Influence Of Thermal Gradient On Mechanical Properties In Fused Deposition Modelling (Fdm) Additive Manufacturing

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a technique that constructs functional parts by extruding thermoplastic filaments layer by layer. The interplay between thermal dynamics and their subsequent effects on mechanical properties remains a field necessitating further exploration. This study introduced ongoing research focused on unraveling the connection between the thermal gradients in the FDM printing process and the resulting mechanical attributes. The primary objective was to increase quality and functionality of 3D printed components. In pursuit of this objective, a series of carefully planned experiments were devised to systematically vary FDM parameters, including print speed, layer thickness, and nozzle temperature. Through parameter manipulation, a spectrum of thermal gradients during the printing procedure we created. To assess the mechanical properties, a commercial FDM 3D printer was used to fabricate tensile specimens conforming to the ASTM D638 standard, a test method for quantifying the tensile properties of plastics. To capture the thermal gradient occurring during printing process, a high-resolution FLIR thermal camera was positioned closely to observe the area where freshly molten material was deposited to obtain temperature measurements. After the sample was printed, it was mechanically tested using Instron 5582 for tensile testing following the ASTM D638 standard, entailing the application of a uniaxial load until the specimen reached the point of fracture. Mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at break, which offered fundamental insights into the material\u27s strength, ductility, and performance under tensile stress. The experimental results obtained through these tests were analyzed to unveil potential correlations between the thermal gradient and mechanical properties. Undersatnding the interrelationship, gained a deeper understanding of the underlying thermal relationship in the FDM 3D printing process and their impact on the mechanical behavior of printed objects. The findings derived from this research contributed to comprehension of thermal effects in FDM 3D printing and their ramifications for mechanical performance. These insights hold promise for optimizing the printing process, therefore elevating the quality and functionality of 3D-printed components. Industries reliant on FDM technology, including aerospace, automotive, and medical sectors, stand to gain from improved process control, ultimately enhancing part reliability and performance. Index Terms – 3D printing, astm d638 standard, correlation analysis, fused deposition modeling (fdm), mechanical properties, parameter manipulation, performance under tensile stress, thermal dynamics, thermal gradients, yield strengt

Towards Fully Additively-Manufactured Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines: Opportunities and Challenges

With the growing interest in electrification and as hybrid and pure electric powertrains are adopted in more applications, electrical machine design is facing challenges in terms of meeting very demanding performance metrics for example high specific power, harsh environments, etc. This provides clear motivation to explore the impact of advanced materials and manufacturing on the performance of electrical machines. This paper provides an overview of additive manufacturing (AM) approaches that can be used for constructing permanent magnet (PM) machines, with a specific focus on additively-manufactured iron core, winding, insulation, PM as well as cooling systems. Since there has only been a few attempts so far to explore AM in electrical machines (especially when it comes to fully additively-manufactured machines), the benefits and challenges of AM have not been comprehensively understood. In this regard, this paper offers a detailed comparison of multiple multi-material AM methods, showing not only the possibility of fully additively-manufactured PM machines but also the potential significant improvements in their mechanical, electromagnetic and thermal properties. The paper will provide a comprehensive discussion of opportunities and challenges of AM in the context of electrical machines

Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials.

3D Printing promises to produce complex biomedical devices according to computer design using patient-specific anatomical data. Since its initial use as pre-surgical visualization models and tooling molds, 3D Printing has slowly evolved to create one-of-a-kind devices, implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, diagnostic platforms, and drug delivery systems. Fueled by the recent explosion in public interest and access to affordable printers, there is renewed interest to combine stem cells with custom 3D scaffolds for personalized regenerative medicine. Before 3D Printing can be used routinely for the regeneration of complex tissues (e.g. bone, cartilage, muscles, vessels, nerves in the craniomaxillofacial complex), and complex organs with intricate 3D microarchitecture (e.g. liver, lymphoid organs), several technological limitations must be addressed. In this review, the major materials and technology advances within the last five years for each of the common 3D Printing technologies (Three Dimensional Printing, Fused Deposition Modeling, Selective Laser Sintering, Stereolithography, and 3D Plotting/Direct-Write/Bioprinting) are described. Examples are highlighted to illustrate progress of each technology in tissue engineering, and key limitations are identified to motivate future research and advance this fascinating field of advanced manufacturing

Tunable Digital Material Properties of 3D Voxel Printers

Digital materials are composed of many discrete voxels placed in a massively parallel layer deposition process, as opposed to continuous (analog) deposition techniques. We explore the material properties attainable using a voxel-based freeform fabrication process and simulate how the properties can be tuned for a wide range of applications. By varying the precision, geometry, and material of the individual voxels, we obtain continuous control over the density, elastic modulus, CTE, ductility, and failure mode of the material. Also, we demonstrate the effects of several hierarchical voxel “microstructures”, resulting in interesting properties such as negative poisson’s ratio. This implies that digital materials can exhibit widely varying properties in a single desktop fabrication process.Mechanical Engineerin

Improving mechanical properties for extrusion-based additive manufacturing of poly(lactic acid) by annealing and blending with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)

Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, polarizing microscope (POM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, strategies to close the gap on applying conventional processing optimizations for the field of 3D printing and to specifically increase the mechanical performance of extrusion-based additive manufacturing of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments by annealing and/or blending with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) were reported. For filament printing at 210 °C, the PLA crystallinity increased significantly upon annealing. Specifically, for 2 h of annealing at 100 °C, the fracture surface became sufficiently coarse such that the PLA notched impact strength increased significantly (15 kJ m−2). The Vicat softening temperature (VST) increased to 160 °C, starting from an annealing time of 0.5 h. Similar increases in VST were obtained by blending with PHB (20 wt.%) at a lower printing temperature of 190 °C due to crystallization control. For the blend, the strain at break increased due to the presence of a second phase, with annealing only relevant for enhancing the modulus.</jats:p