7 research outputs found
Migration as Submodular Optimization
Migration presents sweeping societal challenges that have recently attracted
significant attention from the scientific community. One of the prominent
approaches that have been suggested employs optimization and machine learning
to match migrants to localities in a way that maximizes the expected number of
migrants who find employment. However, it relies on a strong additivity
assumption that, we argue, does not hold in practice, due to competition
effects; we propose to enhance the data-driven approach by explicitly
optimizing for these effects. Specifically, we cast our problem as the
maximization of an approximately submodular function subject to matroid
constraints, and prove that the worst-case guarantees given by the classic
greedy algorithm extend to this setting. We then present three different models
for competition effects, and show that they all give rise to submodular
objectives. Finally, we demonstrate via simulations that our approach leads to
significant gains across the board.Comment: Simulation code is available at https://github.com/pgoelz/migration
Combining Outcome-Based and Preference-Based Matching: A Constrained Priority Mechanism
We introduce a constrained priority mechanism that combines outcome-based
matching from machine-learning with preference-based allocation schemes common
in market design. Using real-world data, we illustrate how our mechanism could
be applied to the assignment of refugee families to host country locations, and
kindergarteners to schools. Our mechanism allows a planner to first specify a
threshold for the minimum acceptable average outcome score that should
be achieved by the assignment. In the refugee matching context, this score
corresponds to the predicted probability of employment, while in the student
assignment context it corresponds to standardized test scores. The mechanism is
a priority mechanism that considers both outcomes and preferences by assigning
agents (refugee families, students) based on their preferences, but subject to
meeting the planner's specified threshold. The mechanism is both strategy-proof
and constrained efficient in that it always generates a matching that is not
Pareto dominated by any other matching that respects the planner's threshold.Comment: This manuscript has been accepted for publication by Political
Analysis and will appear in a revised form subject to peer review and/or
input from the journal's editor. End-users of this manuscript may only make
use of it for private research and study and may not distribute it furthe
Migrant Resettlement by Evolutionary Multi-objective Optimization
Migration has been a universal phenomenon, which brings opportunities as well
as challenges for global development. As the number of migrants (e.g.,
refugees) increases rapidly in recent years, a key challenge faced by each
country is the problem of migrant resettlement. This problem has attracted
scientific research attention, from the perspective of maximizing the
employment rate. Previous works mainly formulated migrant resettlement as an
approximately submodular optimization problem subject to multiple matroid
constraints and employed the greedy algorithm, whose performance, however, may
be limited due to its greedy nature. In this paper, we propose a new framework
MR-EMO based on Evolutionary Multi-objective Optimization, which reformulates
Migrant Resettlement as a bi-objective optimization problem that maximizes the
expected number of employed migrants and minimizes the number of dispatched
migrants simultaneously, and employs a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm
(MOEA) to solve the bi-objective problem. We implement MR-EMO using three
MOEAs, the popular NSGA-II, MOEA/D as well as the theoretically grounded GSEMO.
To further improve the performance of MR-EMO, we propose a specific MOEA,
called GSEMO-SR, using matrix-swap mutation and repair mechanism, which has a
better ability to search for feasible solutions. We prove that MR-EMO using
either GSEMO or GSEMO-SR can achieve better theoretical guarantees than the
previous greedy algorithm. Experimental results under the interview and
coordination migration models clearly show the superiority of MR-EMO (with
either NSGA-II, MOEA/D, GSEMO or GSEMO-SR) over previous algorithms, and that
using GSEMO-SR leads to the best performance of MR-EMO
I Will Have Order! Optimizing Orders for Fair Reviewer Assignment
We present fast, fair, flexible, and welfare efficient algorithms for
assigning reviewers to submitted conference papers. Our approaches extend
picking sequence mechanisms, standard tools from the fair allocation literature
to ensure approximate envy-freeness (typically envy-freeness up to one item, or
EF1). However, fairness often comes at the cost of decreased efficiency. To
overcome this challenge, we carefully select approximately optimal picking
sequence orders. Applying a relaxation of submodularity, -weak
submodularity, we show our Greedy Reviewer Round Robin (GRRR) approach is EF1
and yields a -approximation to the maximum welfare attainable by
a round-robin picking sequence mechanism under any order. We present a weighted
picking sequence mechanism called FairSequence that targets the Weighted EF1
criterion to offer fairness in a more general setting. Using data from three
conferences, we show that FairSequence runs an order of magnitude faster and
provides approximate envy-freeness guarantees that are violated by existing
approaches. Its simple design also makes it very flexible to new assignment
constraints. FairSequence is available in the OpenReview conference management
platform, giving conference organizers access to faster reviewer assignment
with high welfare and envy-freeness guarantees.Comment: 41 pages, 8 figures, extends initial version published at IJCAI 202
Diversity and Novelty: Measurement, Learning and Optimization
The primary objective of this dissertation is to investigate research methods to answer the question: ``How (and why) does one measure, learn and optimize novelty and diversity of a set of items?" The computational models we develop to answer this question also provide foundational mathematical techniques to throw light on the following three questions:
1. How does one reliably measure the creativity of ideas?
2. How does one form teams to evaluate design ideas?
3. How does one filter good ideas out of hundreds of submissions?
Solutions to these questions are key to enable the effective processing of a large collection of design ideas generated in a design contest. In the first part of the dissertation, we discuss key qualities needed in design metrics and propose new diversity and novelty metrics for judging design products. We show that the proposed metrics have higher accuracy and sensitivity compared to existing alternatives in literature. To measure the novelty of a design item, we propose learning from human subjective responses to derive low dimensional triplet embeddings. To measure diversity, we propose an entropy-based diversity metric, which is more accurate and sensitive than benchmarks. In the second part of the dissertation, we introduce the bipartite b-matching problem and argue the need for incorporating diversity in the objective function for matching problems. We propose new submodular and supermodular objective functions to measure diversity and develop multiple matching algorithms for diverse team formation in offline and online cases. Finally, in the third part, we demonstrate filtering and ranking of ideas using diversity metrics based on Determinantal Point Processes as well as submodular functions. In real-world crowd experiments, we demonstrate that such ranking enables increased efficiency in filtering high-quality ideas compared to traditionally used methods