Contextual impacts on industrial processes brought by the digital transformation of manufacturing: a systematic review

The digital transformation of manufacturing (a phenomenon also known as "Industry 4.0" or "Smart Manufacturing") is finding a growing interest both at practitioner and academic levels, but is still in its infancy and needs deeper investigation. Even though current and potential advantages of digital manufacturing are remarkable, in terms of improved efficiency, sustainability, customization, and flexibility, only a limited number of companies has already developed ad hoc strategies necessary to achieve a superior performance. Through a systematic review, this study aims at assessing the current state of the art of the academic literature regarding the paradigm shift occurring in the manufacturing settings, in order to provide definitions as well as point out recurring patterns and gaps to be addressed by future research. For the literature search, the most representative keywords, strict criteria, and classification schemes based on authoritative reference studies were used. The final sample of 156 primary publications was analyzed through a systematic coding process to identify theoretical and methodological approaches, together with other significant elements. This analysis allowed a mapping of the literature based on clusters of critical themes to synthesize the developments of different research streams and provide the most representative picture of its current state. Research areas, insights, and gaps resulting from this analysis contributed to create a schematic research agenda, which clearly indicates the space for future evolutions of the state of knowledge in this field

3D printed house: the digital transformation in architecture and construction of the Sustainable Houses

There is an increasing demand for sustainable, and dignified housing in the building and construction sector, particularly in developing countries with limited resources, growing energy consumption, population, and CO2 emissions. Therefore, the adoption of digital design, construction, and innovation technology is vital; one of these technologies is 3D printing (3Dp), which has become a recently essential and powerful technology in the construction industry. As such, 3Dp has advantages and potentials over traditional housebuilding in that it can use robotics, software, and advanced materials. The paper investigates the Potentials and limitations of 3DP adoption on digital design and Construction housing projects. Moreover, review and analysis of 3D Printed Houses for evaluation of their performance and future usage capabilities. The study concludes that 3DP technology appears to be a promising alternative to enhance design and construction process performance, address various aspects of advanced materials, affordability, and sustainability, including social and economic aspects. The paper's objectives started with investigating 3Dp adoption in AEC by highlighting the advantages and potentials of 3Dp for sustainable housing. Furthermore, the challenges of 3Dp in Architecture and Construction are discussed. The research methods mainly depended on three sections as follows:• A literature review explain the Potentials and limitations of 3DP adoption on digital design and Construction housing projects.• The analysis of 4 case studies for 3D printed houses built in the construction field between 2018 and 2020. Each project presents significant practical application of 3d printing methods, developed materials, designs, environmental solutions, methods to reduce resources, innovated solutions to get sustainable housing.• The SWOT analysis of 3D printing technology, which highlights the technology's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It is emphasized that doing a SWOT analysis of 3D printing using various methodologies is beneficial for evaluating and highlighting its practical capabilities

Survey on Additive Manufacturing, Cloud 3D Printing and Services

Cloud Manufacturing (CM) is the concept of using manufacturing resources in a service oriented way over the Internet. Recent developments in Additive Manufacturing (AM) are making it possible to utilise resources ad-hoc as replacement for traditional manufacturing resources in case of spontaneous problems in the established manufacturing processes. In order to be of use in these scenarios the AM resources must adhere to a strict principle of transparency and service composition in adherence to the Cloud Computing (CC) paradigm. With this review we provide an overview over CM, AM and relevant domains as well as present the historical development of scientific research in these fields, starting from 2002. Part of this work is also a meta-review on the domain to further detail its development and structure

The evolution of interindustry technology linkage topics and its analysis framework in 3D printing technology

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from IEEE via the DOI in this recordThe mutual influence and complementarity of technologies between different industries are becoming increasingly prominent. Revealing the topic evolution of technology linkages between industries is the foundation for understanding the technological development trend of the industry. Although numerous works have focused on technology topic mining and its evolution characteristics, these works have not accurately represented the interindustry technology linkage, analyze the related topics and even ignored the technological development characteristics hidden in the topic evolution pathway. Since the Lingo algorithm fully considers the time-series characteristics of the topics, and the knowledge evolution theory can reveal three inherent characteristics in the evolution of knowledge topics, namely, “stability, heredity, and variability,” this article aims to combine the Lingo algorithm and the knowledge evolution theory to analyze the topic evolution of interindustry technology linkages. Additionally, because three-dimensional (3-D) printing technology has significant interdisciplinary and cross-industry characteristics, a wide range of application fields, and various interindustry technology linkages, 3-D printing technology is used for empirical analysis. The empirical results show that the key topics of interindustry technology linkages in 3-D printing include model design, manufacturing methods, manufacturing equipment, manufacturing material, and application. In addition, all these topics have the development feature of heredity. However, the topic of manufacturing materials presents significant variability, the topic of manufacturing methods has the strongest stability, and multiple subtopics of the five topics show variability and genetic intersection

The Effect of Attachment Placement and Location on Rotational Control of Conical Teeth Using Clear Aligner Therapy

Objective: To determine the optimal method to correct rotations of conical teeth using thermoplastic appliances with and without attachments. Introduction: Despite the increasing popularity of clear aligner therapy there are still questions as to its effectiveness, efficiency, case selection and limitations. It has been reported that the full prescription for clear aligners is not expressed, and that the mean accuracy of any type of tooth movement using clear aligners is only 41% (Drake, 2012). One of the major limitations of clear aligner therapy is correction of rotated conical teeth, especially canines and premolars (Kravitz, 2008). According to Simon, et al. (2014) mandibular premolar derotation has the lowest predictability of movement and accuracy with clear aligners. This is due to the fact that conical teeth lack interproximal undercuts, and as result the aligner tends to slip as derotation is attempted (Kravitz, 2008; Simon, 2014). Clear aligner manufacturers therefore recommend the use of resin bonded attachments, interproximal reduction, overcorrection, auxiliaries, or adjusting aligners with thermopliers in order to achieve derotation of conical teeth. Materials and Methods: The design of this study is prospective and experimental. This research will be a comparative study to examine the effect of attachment location and the number of attachments on rotational control of conical teeth. Rotational control without attachments or adjustments will be compared to rotational control with attachments, or with the use of a clear aligner adjusting plier (Hu-Friedy Vertical Rectangular Adjustment Plier). Total de-rotation will be recorded as an angular measurement after placement of each aligner, as measured on a digital scan (Ortho Insight 3D, Chattanooga, TN) using Geomagic Design software (3D Systems, Cary, NC). Results: Results of a one-way ANOVA showed that there were no statistically significant differences between 7 of the 9 groups. The group with a rectangular attachment on the buccal surface of tooth #29 had the highest overall observable rotational correction. Conclusions: Attachments appear to improve rotational correction of the lower right second premolar. Increasing the number of attachments does not appear to aid rotational control, as the group with a single buccal attachment had the highest overall rotational correction. Multiple attachments, and adjusting aligners using the Hu-Friedy vertical rectangular adjusting plier on the lingual surface of the thermoformed aligner appear to impede rotational correction in this study

Strategies for Adopting Additive Manufacturing Technology Into Business Models

Additive manufacturing (AM), also called 3-dimensional printing (3DP), emerged as a disruptive technology affecting multiple organizations\u27 business models and supply chains and endangering incumbents\u27 financial health, or even rendering them obsolete. The world market for products created by AM has increased more than 25% year over year. Using Christensen\u27s theory of disruptive innovation as a conceptual framework, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the successful strategies that 4 individual managers, 1 at each of 4 different light and high-tech manufacturing companies in the Netherlands, used to adopt AM technology into their business models. Participant firms originated from 3 provinces and included a value-added logistics service provider and 3 machine shops serving various industries, including the automotive and medical sectors. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, member checking, and analysis of company documents that provided information about the adoption of 3DP into business models. Using Yin\u27s 5-step data analysis approach, data were compiled, disassembled, reassembled, interpreted, and concluded until 3 major themes emerged: identify business opportunities for AM technology, experiment with AM technology, and embed AM technology. Because of the design freedom the use of AM enables, in combination with its environmental efficiency, the implications for positive social change include possibilities for increasing local employment, improving the environment, and enhancing healthcare for the prosperity of local and global citizens by providing potential solutions that managers could use to deploy AM technology

기술지식의 복잡성 관리: 다양성, 융합성, 동태성

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 산업·조선공학부, 2018. 2. 박용태.지속적인 기술혁신을 창출하기 위해서 연구개발에 관련된 데이터와 정보를 가공하여 이를 창의적인 지식으로 전환시키는 기술지식경영이 강조되고 있다. 특히 최근 기술지식의 복잡성이 지속적으로 증가함에 따라 복잡성을 고려한 보다 체계적인 기술지식경영에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있다. 기술지식은 더 이상 하나의 단일 기술이 아닌 다양한 관련 기술과 학제를 포함하게 되었으며, 다양한 기술들이 서로 융합하여 새로운 기술로 발전하는 양상을 나타내고 있다. 또한, 기술지식을 활용하는 사람들이 더욱 다양해지고 그 파급효과가 광범위해짐에 따라 기술지식은 더욱 동적인 환경에 노출되고 있다. 이에, 본 학위 논문은 기술지식의 복잡성을 구성하는 특성에 대한 연구를 수행하며, 특히 복잡성으로 인해 발생하는 주요 경영 문제를 해결한다. 구체적으로, 본 학위 논문은 최근 기술지식의 복잡성을 구성하는 특성을 다양성, 융합성, 동태성로 정의하고 각 특성에 관련된 세 가지 연구 문제를 다룬다. 다양화된 기술지식의 구조 탐색 문제, 기술융합이 활발한 상황에서 기술 트렌드 예측 문제, 동적인 환경에 놓인 대형 기술 프로젝트 평가 문제를 다룬 세 가지 세부 연구는 적합한 방법론을 활용 및 창조적으로 결합하여 각 문제들을 효과적으로 다룬다. 첫 번째 연구는 기술지식의 다양성 관리 측면에서 기술지식의 구조 분석을 다룬다. 최근 기술지식은 다학제적인 성격을 가지며, 연구개발 전략의 올바른 방향을 설정하기 위해서 그 구조를 파악하고 연구 동향을 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 다학제적인 기술지식의 구조를 파악하는 방법으로 저널 인용 네트워크와 네트워크 분석을 활용한 프레임워크를 제시한다. 구체적으로, 저널 인용 네트워크를 구축하고 네트워크 중심성(centrality) 측정 및 중개(brokerage) 분석을 활용하여 다학제 연구가 대표적으로 활발히 일어나고 있는 나노과학기술 분야의 지적 구조를 탐색한다. 제안된 접근은 지식의 흐름 측면에서 중요한 기술 요소(technology element)와 지식 교환 측면에서 지식 원천(knowledge source)의 중개 역할을 파악함으로써 기술지식의 다학제적인 구조에 대한 미시적, 거시적 관점을 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 두 번째 연구는 기술지식의 융합성 관리 측면에서 기술융합의 예측을 다룬다. 오늘날 기술지식은 빠르게 진화하고 있으며, 융합을 통해 새로운 기술이 창출되는 양상을 보이고 있다. 이에 따라, 기술 간의 경계가 흐려지고 있으며 새로운 기술 트렌드를 예측하는 것이 더욱 어려워지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 새롭게 등장하는 유망 기술의 기술융합을 예측하는 방법으로 특허동시분류분석과 링크예측기법을 활용한 프레임워크를 제시한다. 제안된 접근은 네트워크의 특성을 바탕으로 잠재적인 링크를 예측하므로 과거에 존재 않았더라도 미래에 나타날 가능성이 높은 기술융합을 파악할 수 있다는 장점을 가진다. 이해를 돕기 위해, 제안된 접근은 3D 프린팅 기술에 적용되었으며, 향후 다양한 기술 및 산업에서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 마지막으로, 세 번째 연구는 기술지식의 동태성 관리 측면에서 대형 기술 프로젝트의 평가를 다룬다. 기술지식을 활용하는 사람들이 다양해지고, 기술지식이 영향을 미치는 파급효과의 범위가 확대됨에 따라 기술 투자 프로젝트의 의사결정 문제가 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동적인 환경에서 프로젝트의 타당성을 분석하는 방법으로 시스템 다이내믹스(system dynamics)와 행위자 기반 모델링(agent-based modeling)을 결합한 프레임워크를 제시한다. 제안된 접근에서 시스템 다이내믹스 부분은 프로젝트의 비용과 효익을 구성하는 시스템 요소 간의 관계를 설명하고, 행위자 기반 모델링 부분은 사용자의 이질성(heterogeneity)을 고려한 창발적 행동(emergent behavior)을 묘사한다. 사례 연구를 통해 제안된 접근의 적용 가능성을 보였으며, 제안된 접근은 동적인 환경에서 프로젝트의 실현 가능성을 분석하기 위한 유연한 프레임워크를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.In order to create constant innovation, management of technological knowledge, where the data and information related to R&D are transformed into creative knowledge, has been increasingly emphasized. Moreover, as the complexity of recent technological knowledge continues to increase, there is a growing demand for more systematic management considering complexity to obtain novel insights about rising managerial problems and solutions. Technological knowledge no longer includes a single technology but various related technologies and disciplines, and various technologies converge into a new technology. In addition, as the people who use technological knowledge become more diversified and its ripple effects become more widespread, technological knowledge is exposed to a more dynamic environment. Therefore, this dissertation aims to examine the characteristics that constitute the complexity of technological knowledge, and resolve major managerial problems resulting from its characteristics. Specifically, this study defines the emerging characteristics that accelerate the complexity of technological knowledge as diversity, convergence, and dynamismthen three research questions related to each characteristic are addressed through three research themes. Each research theme is studied by utilizing and creatively combining appropriate methodologies to answer each research question. The first study focuses on the research theme for managing diversity in complexity, and deals with the identification of intellectual structure of technological knowledge. Recently, technological knowledge has a multidisciplinary nature. Hence, it is important to understand the knowledge structure and research trends in order to develop the direction of R&D strategy. In this study, a framework that includes journal citation network and network analysis is proposed as a method to identify the structure of multidisciplinary technological knowledge. Specifically, a journal citation network is constructedthen network centrality measures and brokerage analysis are used to explore the intellectual structure of nanoscience and nanotechnology, where multidisciplinary research is actively done. The proposed approach can provide a microscopic and macroscopic view of the multidisciplinary structure of technological knowledge by identifying the important technology element regarding knowledge flow, and the intermediary role of each knowledge source regarding knowledge exchange. The second study focuses on the research theme for managing convergence in complexity, and deals with the prediction of technological convergence. As technological knowledge is rapidly evolving and new technologies are being created through convergence, the boundaries between technologies are blurred and it becomes more difficult to predict new technology trends. In this study, a framework that includes patent co-classification analysis and link prediction is proposed as a method to predict the technological convergence of emerging technologies. The proposed approach has the advantage in that it can discover the potential convergence, even if it does not exist in the past, because it predicts the potential link based on the characteristics of the network. The proposed approach is applied to 3D printing technology, and it is expected to be utilized in various technologies and industries in the future. Finally, the third study focuses on the research theme for managing dynamism in complexity, and deals with the evaluation of technology-intensive and large-scale projects. Increasingly, technology investment projects face a dynamic environment that incorporates both macroscopic system and microscopic individuals. In this study, a new approach to dynamic feasibility analysis for investment projects is proposed through an integrated simulation model using system dynamics (SD) and agent-based modeling (ABM). The combination of SD and ABM is suggested due to their complementary strengths. The former SD part elucidates the relationships among system elements that constitute project's benefits and costs, while the latter ABM part depicts users emergent behavior with their heterogeneity. A case study demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach. The findings show that the proposed approach can provide a valuable and flexible framework for analyzing project feasibility in a dynamic environment.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Purpose 3 1.3 Scope and framework 5 1.4 Outline 7 Chapter 2 Research Background 10 2.1 Theoretical Background 10 2.1.1 Concept of Complexity 10 2.1.2 Complexity Management 11 2.1.3 Dimension of Complexity 13 2.2 Methodological Background 15 2.2.1 Network Metrics: Centrality and Brokerage 15 2.2.2 Link Prediction 19 2.2.3 System Dynamics (SD) and Agent-based Modeling (ABM) 21 Chapter 3 Managing Diversity in Complexity 24 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Knowledge Source Network 27 3.3 Research Process 31 3.3.1 Overall Process 31 3.3.2 Knowledge Source Selection 32 3.3.3 Technology Element Composition 33 3.4 Identification of Intellectual Structure 37 3.4.1 Macro View of Intellectual Structure 37 3.4.2 Micro View of Intellectual Structure 43 3.5 Conclusion 56 Chapter 4 Managing Convergence in Complexity 58 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Convergence of Emerging Technologies 60 4.2.1 Understanding of Emerging Technology 60 4.2.2 Technological Convergence Analysis using Patents 61 4.3 Research process 63 4.3.1 Overall Process 63 4.3.2 Detailed Process 64 4.4 Prediction of Technological Convergence 69 4.4.1 Background 69 4.4.2 Data Collection and Data Partition 69 4.4.3 Patent Co-classification Network Construction 71 4.4.4 Link Prediction of Patent Network 73 4.4.5 Investigation and Prediction of Technological Convergence 75 4.5 Conclusion 83 Chapter 5 Managing Dynamism in Complexity 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Feasibility Studies 89 5.2.1 Feasibility Studies for Large-scale Projects 89 5.2.2 Dynamic Approach in Feasibility Study 90 5.3 Research Process 93 5.3.1 Conceptual Framework 93 5.3.2 Composition of Modules 95 5.3.3 Overall Process 100 5.4 Evaluation of Large-scale Project 103 5.4.1 Background 103 5.4.2 Modeling Process 104 5.4.3 Results 115 5.5 Discussion 118 5.5.1 Theoretical and Practical Implications 118 5.5.2 Generalization 119 5.6 Conclusion 122 Chapter 6 Conclusion 124 6.1 Summary and Contributions 124 6.2 Limitations and Future Research 129 Bibliography 131 Appendix 150 Appendix A Supplementary Information about SD and ABM 150 Appendix A.1 System Dynamics (SD) 150 Appendix A.2 Agent-based Modeling (ABM) 151 Appendix B Prior Research on Formulating Integrated SD Model and AB Model 152 Appendix C List of 73 Nano Journals 153 Appendix D Centrality Score of Nano Knowledge Sources 156 Appendix E Brokerage Score of Nano Knowledge Sources in Weighted Version 159 Appendix F Description and Assumption of Overall Variables in Combined Model 162 초 록 168Docto