On the Adjoint Operator in Photoacoustic Tomography

Photoacoustic Tomography (PAT) is an emerging biomedical "imaging from coupled physics" technique, in which the image contrast is due to optical absorption, but the information is carried to the surface of the tissue as ultrasound pulses. Many algorithms and formulae for PAT image reconstruction have been proposed for the case when a complete data set is available. In many practical imaging scenarios, however, it is not possible to obtain the full data, or the data may be sub-sampled for faster data acquisition. In such cases, image reconstruction algorithms that can incorporate prior knowledge to ameliorate the loss of data are required. Hence, recently there has been an increased interest in using variational image reconstruction. A crucial ingredient for the application of these techniques is the adjoint of the PAT forward operator, which is described in this article from physical, theoretical and numerical perspectives. First, a simple mathematical derivation of the adjoint of the PAT forward operator in the continuous framework is presented. Then, an efficient numerical implementation of the adjoint using a k-space time domain wave propagation model is described and illustrated in the context of variational PAT image reconstruction, on both 2D and 3D examples including inhomogeneous sound speed. The principal advantage of this analytical adjoint over an algebraic adjoint (obtained by taking the direct adjoint of the particular numerical forward scheme used) is that it can be implemented using currently available fast wave propagation solvers.Comment: submitted to "Inverse Problems

Cloaking and anamorphism for light and mass diffusion

We first review classical results on cloaking and mirage effects for electromagnetic waves. We then show that transformation optics allows the masking of objects or produces mirages in diffusive regimes. In order to achieve this, we consider the equation for diffusive photon density in transformed coordinates, which is valid for diffusive light in scattering media. More precisely, generalizing transformations for star domains introduced in [Diatta and Guenneau, J. Opt. 13, 024012, 2011] for matter waves, we numerically demonstrate that infinite conducting objects of different shapes scatter diffusive light in exactly the same way. We also propose a design of external light-diffusion cloak with spatially varying sign-shifting parameters that hides a finite size scatterer outside the cloak. We next analyse non-physical parameter in the transformed Fick's equation derived in [Guenneau and Puvirajesinghe, R. Soc. Interface 10, 20130106, 2013], and propose to use a non-linear transform that overcomes this problem. We finally investigate other form invariant transformed diffusion-like equations in the time domain, and touch upon conformal mappings and non-Euclidean cloaking applied to diffusion processes.Comment: 42 pages, Latex, 14 figures. V2: Major changes : some formulas corrected, some extra cases added, overall length extended from 21 pages (V1) to 42 pages (present version V2). The last version will appear at Journal of Optic

Invisibility and Inverse Problems

This survey of recent developments in cloaking and transformation optics is an expanded version of the lecture by Gunther Uhlmann at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the American Mathematical Society.Comment: 68 pages, 12 figures. To appear in the Bulletin of the AM

Full field inversion in photoacoustic tomography with variable sound speed

Recently, a novel measurement setup has been introduced to photoacoustic tomography, that collects data in the form of projections of the full 3D acoustic pressure distribution at a certain time instant. Existing imaging algorithms for this kind of data assume a constant speed of sound. This assumption is not always met in practice and thus leads to erroneous reconstructions. In this paper, we present a two-step reconstruction method for full field detection photoacoustic tomography that takes variable speed of sound into account. In the first step, by applying the inverse Radon transform, the pressure distribution at the measurement time is reconstructed point-wise from the projection data. In the second step, one solves a final time wave inversion problem where the initial pressure distribution is recovered from the known pressure distribution at the measurement time. For the latter problem, we derive an iterative solution approach, compute the required adjoint operator, and show its uniqueness and stability

On the Particle Definition in the presence of Black Holes

A canonical particle definition via the diagonalisation of the Hamiltonian for a quantum field theory in specific curved space-times is presented. Within the provided approach radial ingoing or outgoing Minkowski particles do not exist. An application of this formalism to the Rindler metric recovers the well-known Unruh effect. For the situation of a black hole the Hamiltonian splits up into two independent parts accounting for the interior and the exterior domain, respectively. It turns out that a reasonable particle definition may be accomplished for the outside region only. The Hamiltonian of the field inside the black hole is unbounded from above and below and hence possesses no ground state. The corresponding equation of motion displays a linear global instability. Possible consequences of this instability are discussed and its relations to the sonic analogues of black holes are addressed. PACS-numbers: 04.70.Dy, 04.62.+v, 10.10.Ef, 03.65.Db.Comment: 44 pages, LaTeX, no figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Discrete-time modelling of diffusion processes for room acoustics simulation and analysis

Esta tesis está centrada en el modelado de la acústica de salas en espacios cerrados mediante el uso de una ecuación de transferencia radiativa y una ecuación de difusión En este trabajo se investiga cómo a través de estos modelos teóricos se pueden simular el campo sonoro en espacios complejos. Recientemente, el modelo de la ecuación de fusión ha sido prppuesto para ser utilizado en el modelado de la acústica de salas con superficies que reflejan el sonido de forma totalmente difusa. Este enfoque del uso de la ecuación de la disusión de sido intensamente investigado en los últimos años, ya que proporciona una alta eficiencia y flexibilidad para simular las distribuciones del campo sonoro en diferentes tipos de salas; sin embargo, sólo se han realizado unas pocas investigaciones con el objetivo de indagar sobre la precisión y las limitaciones de este método alternativo. Por lo tanto, en primer lugar se presenta un modelo basado en la ecuación de transferencia por radiación siendo meta principal el unificar una amplia gama de métodos geométricos de modelado de acústica de salas. Además, esta tesis está especialmente dedicada a establecer las bases y suposiciones que permitan obtener un modelo de difusión acústica como particularización del modelo de transferencia radiativa con el objetivo de conseguir una descripción clara y adecuada de sus ventajas y limitaciones desde el punto de vista teórico. Este trabajo permite enlazar directamente al modelo de la ecuación de difusión con el grupo de métodos de la acústica geométrica reforzando sus características y permitiendo una adecuada comparación con estos métodos ampliamente reconocidos. Una vez realizado este análisis teórico, esta tesis también se dedica a cuestiones relativas a la implementación numérica del modelo acústico de la ecuación de difusión . En este trabajo, se modela el campo sonoro a través de esquemas en diferencias finitas. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan soluciones simples y practicas que muestran unos requerimientos computacionales bajos tanto de consumo de memoria como de tiempo.Navarro Ruiz, JM. (2012). Discrete-time modelling of diffusion processes for room acoustics simulation and analysis [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1486