61,316 research outputs found
Pushing Drugs: Genomics and Genetics, the Pharmaceutical Industry, and the Law of Negligence
This article presents a piece of a larger, ongoing project on the phenomenon of market-driven manufacturing (MDM) and how tort law should address it. In contrast to the larger project, this article provides a relatively brief overview of the general phenomenon of MDM, but zeros in on how pharmaceutical manufacturers specifically practice MDM. MDM is a well-documented, much practiced activity, although American courts do not recognize MDM as a discrete category of conduct. The basic idea of MDM is that marketing considerations should continuously control every aspect and stage of a product\u27s lifecycle. When a company engages in MDM, it completely inverts the conception of product design, development, and dissemination that seems natural to those unfamiliar with modern producer practices
Testing MONDian Dark Matter with Galactic Rotation Curves
MONDian dark matter (MDM) is a new form of dark matter quantum that naturally
accounts for Milgrom's scaling, usually associated with modified Newtonian
dynamics (MOND), and theoretically behaves like cold dark matter (CDM) at
cluster and cosmic scales. In this paper, we provide the first observational
test of MDM by fitting rotation curves to a sample of 30 local spiral galaxies
(z approximately 0.003). For comparison, we also fit the galactic rotation
curves using MOND, and CDM. We find that all three models fit the data well.
The rotation curves predicted by MDM and MOND are virtually indistinguishable
over the range of observed radii (~1 to 30 kpc). The best-fit MDM and CDM
density profiles are compared. We also compare with MDM the dark matter density
profiles arising from MOND if Milgrom's formula is interpreted as Newtonian
gravity with an extra source term instead of as a modification of inertia. We
find that discrepancies between MDM and MOND will occur near the center of a
typical spiral galaxy. In these regions, instead of continuing to rise sharply,
the MDM mass density turns over and drops as we approach the center of the
galaxy. Our results show that MDM, which restricts the nature of the dark
matter quantum by accounting for Milgrom's scaling, accurately reproduces
observed rotation curves.Comment: Preprint number IPMU13-0147. Accepted for publication in Ap
Modified Dark Matter: Relating Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter
Modified dark matter (MDM) is a phenomenological model of dark matter,
inspired by gravitational thermodynamics. For an accelerating Universe with
positive cosmological constant (), such phenomenological
considerations lead to the emergence of a critical acceleration parameter
related to . Such a critical acceleration is an effective
phenomenological manifestation of MDM, and it is found in correlations between
dark matter and baryonic matter in galaxy rotation curves. The resulting MDM
mass profiles, which are sensitive to , are consistent with
observational data at both the galactic and cluster scales. In particular, the
same critical acceleration appears both in the galactic and cluster data fits
based on MDM. Furthermore, using some robust qualitative arguments, MDM appears
to work well on cosmological scales, even though quantitative studies are still
lacking. Finally, we comment on certain non-local aspects of the quanta of
modified dark matter, which may lead to novel non-particle phenomenology and
which may explain why, so far, dark matter detection experiments have failed to
detect dark matter particles
The Modified Direct Method: an Approach for Smoothing Planar and Surface Meshes
The Modified Direct Method (MDM) is an iterative mesh smoothing method for
smoothing planar and surface meshes, which is developed from the non-iterative
smoothing method originated by Balendran [1]. When smooth planar meshes, the
performance of the MDM is effectively identical to that of Laplacian smoothing,
for triangular and quadrilateral meshes; however, the MDM outperforms Laplacian
smoothing for tri-quad meshes. When smooth surface meshes, for trian-gular,
quadrilateral and quad-dominant mixed meshes, the mean quality(MQ) of all mesh
elements always increases and the mean square error (MSE) decreases during
smoothing; For tri-dominant mixed mesh, the quality of triangles always
descends while that of quads ascends. Test examples show that the MDM is
convergent for both planar and surface triangular, quadrilateral and tri-quad
meshes.Comment: 18 page
Magnetic Properties of Scalar Particles --The Scalar Aharonov-Casher Effect and Supersymmetry
The original topological Aharonov-Casher (AC) effect is due to the
interaction of the anomalous magnetic dipole moment (MDM) with certain
configurations of electric field. Naively one would not expect an AC effect for
a scalar particle for which no anomalous MDM can be defined in the usual sense.
In this letter we study the AC effect in supersymmetric systems. In this
framework there is the possibility of deducing the AC effect of a scalar
particle from the corresponding effect for a spinor particle. In 3+1 dimensions
such a connection is not possible because the anomalous MDM is zero if
supersymmetry is an exact symmetry. However, in 2+1 dimensions it is possible
to have an anomalous MDM even with exact supersymmetry.
Having demonstrated the relationship between the spinor and the scalar MDM,
we proceed to show that the scalar AC effect is uniquely defined. We then
compute the anomalous MDM at the one loop level, showing how the scalar form
arises in 2+1 dimensions from the coupling of the scalar to spinors. This model
shows how an AC effect for a scalar can be generated for non-supersymmetric
theories, and we construct such a model to illustrate the mechanism.Comment: RevTex 13 pages including one Figure. New Discussions adde
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