Introduction to physical oceanography

"This textbook covers physical-oceanographic processes, theories, data, and measurements, targeted at upper-division undergraduates and graduate students in oceanography, meteorology, and ocean engineering. In addition to the classical topics, the author includes discussions of heat fluxes, the role of the ocean in climate, the deep circulation, equatorial processes including El Nino, databases used by oceanographers, the role of satellites and data from space, ship-based measurements, and the importance of vorticity in understanding oceanic flows. Students should have studied differential equations and introductory college physics, although math is de-emphasized."--Open Textbook Library.A voyage of discovery -- The historical setting -- The physical setting -- Atmospheric influences -- The oceanic heat budget -- Temperature, salinity, and density -- The equations of motion -- Equations of motion with viscosity -- Response of the upper ocean to winds -- Geostrophic currents -- Wind driven ocean circulation -- Vorticity in the ocean -- Deep circulation in the ocean -- Equatorial processes -- Numerical models -- Ocean waves -- Coastal processes and tides

Magmatic volatiles at rifts and arcs: Sources and fractionation effects

Mantle degassing is a fundamental process that modifies the chemical composition of the atmosphere, crust, and deep Earth. Elements are returned to the mantle from surface reservoirs through subduction at convergent margins. Melts generated in the mantle carry dissolved volatiles from depth and upon decompression exsolve a fluid or vapour phase. These volatiles drive explosive eruptions, change climate, and form economic metal deposits. Thus, the sources and processes involved in degassing of the mantle and melts are a crucial topic in geochemistry. This dissertation is composed of four chapters, each contributing original and new insights into sources and processes involved in mantle degassing. Chapters 1 and 2 focus on volatiles and the origin of carbon-rich magmatic emissions in the East African Rift, which is perhaps the least understood tectonic system on Earth in terms of mantle degassing. East Africa hosts a diverse array of enigmatic magma compositions, best exemplified by Oldoinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania, which is the only active carbonatite volcano on Earth and an important alkaline endmember magmatic system. In Chapter 1 (published in Earth and Planetary Sciences in January, 2013) we show that nephelinite melts at Oldoinyo Lengai are the most carbon-rich natural silicate melts known to science. However, we argue that the mantle source for these melts is not unusually rich in carbon. Rather, extreme degrees of fractional crystallization and the high carbon solubility in these alkali-rich melts are responsible for the high observed carbon contents. We also show that the Oldoinyo Lengai magmatic system is rich in water, contrary to prior assumption, and that water degassing plays a fundamental role in the eruptive behaviour and magmatic evolution at Oldoinyo Lengai. The appendix to Chapter 1 contains additional data (including carbon, oxygen ,and sulfur isotope compositions and assessment of sulfur behaviour in the magma system) from Oldoinyo Lengai that have not been published. Chapter 2 presents the first bulk gas and nitrogen isotope compositions from the Rungwe Volcanic Province, which is the southernmost volcanic manifestation of rifting in East Africa. In this paper (currently in press in Chemical Geology), we show that the gases emitted at Rungwe are CO2-rich, presenting a hazard to the inhabitants of this fertile and thus heavily populated area. We find that the gas compositions record high temperatures in the deeper hydrothermal system, which could be a valuable geothermal resource for local economic development. The nitrogen isotope compositions and gas ratio tracers are consistent with an upper mantle source for the gases, and this signature is strongest in the central part of the province where the intersection of deep crustal structures provide direct conduits for mantle degassing. Interestingly, the mantle signatures are associated with the lowest temperature emissions in the region. The structures provide conduits for melts as well as gases, leading to the coincidence of mantle gas emission and volcanic edifice building in the central Rungwe Volcanic Province. These high elevation mountains are the recharge zones for the shallow aquifer and the mantle gases thus equilibrate with cold meteoric water close to the surface. Chapters 3 and 4 are studies of S degassing at rift and arc volcanoes through the use of S isotopes. Sulfur is extremely important for eruption prediction because SO2 is the only gas routinely measured remotely at active volcanoes. Explosive eruptions can inject large quantities of S into the stratosphere where it oxidizes to sulfate, which can cause decadal climate cooling. Chapter 3 examines S degassing during an explosive eruption at Anatahan (Mariana Arc) that emitted about 250 ktons of SO2 in the first ten days of the eruption. The results of this study show that the source of erupted sulfur was from ultimately from the mantle, with little addition from subducted seawater sulfate, or the pre-eruptive hydrothermal system. Sulfur isotopes fractionate during the degassing process, and the change in sulfur isotope compositions through the eruption are consistent with closed system degassing of a magma body. Chapter 4 presents a detailed assessment of the S cycle at persistently degassing basaltic volcanoes. In this study, we constrain the conditions of degassing (oxygen fugacity, temperature) as rigorously as possible to utilize S isotope compositions of gases and melts to address equilibrium versus non-equilibrium degassing and Earth\u27s sulfur cycle. We find that S degassing is not an equilibrium process and that S partitioning into the gas phase is associated with a kinetic fractionation effect reflected in the S isotope compositions. Erta Ale, a reduced magmatic system, convincingly demonstrates a kinetic effect because S2- (rather than SO42-) is the dominant S species in the melt. Equilibrium degassing should result in preferential partitioning of the heavy S isotope into the gas, however we observe that the gas is isotopically lighter than the melt. This is consistent with faster diffusion of the light isotope. At Masaya, an oxidized magmatic system, the equilibrium and kinetic isotope fractionation effects both favor isotopically light gas, which makes the contributions from equilibrium versus kinetic effects more ambiguous. However, under steady state conditions the gas phase is representative of the sulfur isotope composition of the source and the isotope composition of gas from Masaya indicates recycling of oxidized S through the subduction zone. Mass balance calculations show that only a small fraction of the S subducted at the Central American arc is returned to surface reservoirs. However, the flux of oxidized S from the subducted slab is high enough to rapidly oxidize iron in the mantle wedge, providing an explanation why arc magmas are more oxidized than those at rifts. Finally, the S retained in the subducted slab is isotopically light, potentially carrying the signature of microbial life into the deep mantle

Review of Particle Physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,873 new measurements from 758 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 118 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Neutrinos in Cosmology. Starting with this edition, the Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and all review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings. Review articles that were previously part of the Listings are now included in volume 1. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is also available. The 2018 edition of the Review of Particle Physics should be cited as: M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018)

Review of Particle Physics: Particle Data Group

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,873 new measurements from 758 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 118 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Neutrinos in Cosmology. Starting with this edition, the Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and all review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings. Review articles that were previously part of the Listings are now included in volume 1. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is also available

ECOS 2012

The 8-volume set contains the Proceedings of the 25th ECOS 2012 International Conference, Perugia, Italy, June 26th to June 29th, 2012. ECOS is an acronym for Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation (of energy conversion systems and processes), summarizing the topics covered in ECOS: Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Exergy and Second Law Analysis, Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks, Fluid Dynamics and Power Plant Components, Fuel Cells, Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems, Renewable Energies, Thermo-Economic Analysis and Optimisation, Combustion, Chemical Reactors, Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Building/Urban/Complex Energy Systems, Water Desalination and Use of Water Resources, Energy Systems- Environmental and Sustainability Issues, System Operation/ Control/Diagnosis and Prognosis, Industrial Ecology

The drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility in the supply chain. A case study.

Purpose: The paper studies the way in which a SME integrates CSR into its corporate strategy, the practices it puts in place and how its CSR strategies reflect on its suppliers and customers relations. Methodology/Research limitations: A qualitative case study methodology is used. The use of a single case study limits the generalizing capacity of these findings. Findings: The entrepreneur’s ethical beliefs and value system play a fundamental role in shaping sustainable corporate strategy. Furthermore, the type of competitive strategy selected based on innovation, quality and responsibility clearly emerges both in terms of well defined management procedures and supply chain relations as a whole aimed at involving partners in the process of sustainable innovation. Originality/value: The paper presents a SME that has devised an original innovative business model. The study pivots on the issues of innovation and eco-sustainability in a context of drivers for CRS and business ethics. These values are considered fundamental at International level; the United Nations has declared 2011 the “International Year of Forestry”