Optimal Operation of a Distributed Generation Microgrid based on the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms

This document describes the application of multi-objective genetic algorithms as techniques and tools to optimize generation and distribution in small microgrids. In this way, genetic algorithms have been used for the allocation of distributed generation to reduce losses and improve the voltage profile. The IEEE14 network has been taken as a study and analysis model. This smart grid has 14 nodes and integrates several generation units, both conventional and renewable, transformers, and multiple loads. In this way, a multi-objective metaheuristic algorithm is proposed with the purpose of planning the power distribution grid based on a series of conditions such as the optimal generation configuration, the minimization of power losses in the lines, power transfer capacity, the reduction of CO2 emissions, and the optimization of the benefits obtained in renewable generation. The overall purpose is the development of an intelligent microgrid management system that is capable of determining the optimal configuration, by estimating demand, energy costs, and operating costs. © 2022, European Association for the Development of Renewable Energy, Environment and Power Quality (EA4EPQ). All rights reserved

Decision support for participation in electricity markets considering the transaction of services and electricity at the local level

[EN] The growing concerns regarding the lack of fossil fuels, their costs, and their impact on the environment have led governmental institutions to launch energy policies that promote the increasing installation of technologies that use renewable energy sources to generate energy. The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources brings a great fluctuation on the generation side, which strongly affects the power and energy system management. The control of this system is moving from hierarchical and central to a smart and distributed approach. The system operators are nowadays starting to consider the final end users (consumers and prosumers) as a part of the solution in power system operation activities. In this sense, the end-users are changing their behavior from passive to active players. The role of aggregators is essential in order to empower the end-users, also contributing to those behavior changes. Although in several countries aggregators are legally recognized as an entity of the power and energy system, its role being mainly centered on representing end-users in wholesale market participation. This work contributes to the advancement of the state-of-the-art with models that enable the active involvement of the end-users in electricity markets in order to become key participants in the management of power and energy systems. Aggregators are expected to play an essential role in these models, making the connection between the residential end-users, electricity markets, and network operators. Thus, this work focuses on providing solutions to a wide variety of challenges faced by aggregators. The main results of this work include the developed models to enable consumers and prosumers participation in electricity markets and power and energy systems management. The proposed decision support models consider demand-side management applications, local electricity market models, electricity portfolio management, and local ancillary services. The proposed models are validated through case studies based on real data. The used scenarios allow a comprehensive validation of the models from different perspectives, namely end-users, aggregators, and network operators. The considered case studies were carefully selected to demonstrate the characteristics of each model, and to demonstrate how each of them contributes to answering the research questions defined to this work.[ES] La creciente preocupación por la escasez de combustibles fósiles, sus costos y su impacto en el medio ambiente ha llevado a las instituciones gubernamentales a lanzar políticas energéticas que promuevan la creciente instalación de tecnologías que utilizan fuentes de energía renovables para generar energía. La creciente penetración de las fuentes de energía renovable trae consigo una gran fluctuación en el lado de la generación, lo que afecta fuertemente la gestión del sistema de potencia y energía. El control de este sistema está pasando de un enfoque jerárquico y central a un enfoque inteligente y distribuido. Actualmente, los operadores del sistema están comenzando a considerar a los usuarios finales (consumidores y prosumidores) como parte de la solución en las actividades de operación del sistema eléctrico. En este sentido, los usuarios finales están cambiando su comportamiento de jugadores pasivos a jugadores activos. El papel de los agregadores es esencial para empoderar a los usuarios finales, contribuyendo también a esos cambios de comportamiento. Aunque en varios países los agregadores están legalmente reconocidos como una entidad del sistema eléctrico y energético, su papel se centra principalmente en representar a los usuarios finales en la participación del mercado mayorista. Este trabajo contribuye al avance del estado del arte con modelos que permiten la participación activa de los usuarios finales en los mercados eléctricos para convertirse en participantes clave en la gestión de los sistemas de potencia y energía. Se espera que los agregadores desempeñen un papel esencial en estos modelos, haciendo la conexión entre los usuarios finales residenciales, los mercados de electricidad y los operadores de red. Por lo tanto, este trabajo se enfoca en brindar soluciones a una amplia variedad de desafíos que enfrentan los agregadores. Los principales resultados de este trabajo incluyen los modelos desarrollados para permitir la participación de los consumidores y prosumidores en los mercados eléctricos y la gestión de los sistemas de potencia y energía. Los modelos de soporte de decisiones propuestos consideran aplicaciones de gestión del lado de la demanda, modelos de mercado eléctrico local, gestión de cartera de electricidad y servicios auxiliares locales. Los modelos propuestos son validan mediante estudios de casos basados en datos reales. Los escenarios utilizados permiten una validación integral de los modelos desde diferentes perspectivas, a saber, usuarios finales, agregadores y operadores de red. Los casos de estudio considerados fueron cuidadosamente seleccionados para demostrar las características de cada modelo y demostrar cómo cada uno de ellos contribuye a responder las preguntas de investigación definidas para este trabajo

Análise do impacto da penetração de recursos energéticos distribuídos através da modelagem econômica do mercado elétrico inteligente

The electricity market, with the insertion of distributed energy resources into the system, moves towards becoming an intelligent market in the future. In this energy transition context, tech-nical, economic, and regulatory aspects must be reviewed, as well as new agents and business models must emerge. Balancing the conflicting interests of all agents involved is an increas-ingly complex task, and policy makers must seek an environment of healthy growth and matu-ration of the sector, in a sustainable manner, to reduce energy poverty and add greater value to society. Decision-making presupposes the existence of models that allow the future impacts of the measures under analysis to be considered and evaluated. Thus, this thesis proposes to use the socioeconomic model of the electricity market called Optimized Tariffing (TAROT), with the main objective of adding to it the representation of new agents and possibilities of transac-tions in this intelligent market to allow the analysis of socioeconomic welfare generated with the inclusion of these resources in the network. The modeling of costs associated with distrib-uted energy generation in distribution company finances, in addition to new agents, such as the aggregator, are the distinguishing features of this work. Based on the new proposed equations, an innovative scenario for the provision of ancillary services by prosumers to the utility network was evaluated. The application of the model was carried out using data from a Brazilian distri-bution company, and it was possible to verify, in addition to the effects on the main agents in the sector, the penetration levels of distributed energy resources that add value to society. Through the proposed model, it is possible to simulate different scenarios and their impacts on agents, thus proving to be an important tool to assist in decision-making by regulatory agents.O mercado elétrico, com a inserção de recursos energéticos distribuídos no sistema, caminha para se tornar um mercado inteligente no futuro. Nesse contexto de transição energética, aspec-tos técnicos, econômicos e regulatórios devem ser revistos, assim como novos agentes e mode-los de negócio devem surgir. O equilíbrio entre os interesses conflitantes de todos os agentes envolvidos é uma tarefa cada vez mais complexa, e os formuladores de políticas devem buscar um ambiente de crescimento sadio e amadurecimento do setor, de maneira sustentável, de modo a reduzir a pobreza energética e agregar mais valor à sociedade como um todo. A tomada de decisões pressupõe a existência de modelos que permitem equacionar e avaliar os impactos futuros das medidas em análise. Assim, essa tese se propõe a utilizar o modelo socioeconômico do mercado elétrico denominado Tarifação Otimizada (TAROT), com o objetivo principal de agregar a ele a representação dos novos agentes e as possibilidades de transações nesse mercado inteligente de modo a permitir a análise do bem-estar socioeconômico gerado com a inserção desses recursos na rede. A modelagem dos custos associados a micro e minigeração distribuídas nas finanças das concessionárias, além de novos agentes como o agregador, são o diferencial desse trabalho. A partir do novo equacionamento proposto, um cenário inovador de prestação de serviços ancilares por prossumidores para a rede da concessionária foi avaliado. A aplicação do modelo foi feita utilizando dados de uma concessionária de distribuição brasileira, e foi possível verificar além dos efeitos nos principais agentes do setor, os níveis de penetração dos recursos energéticos distribuídos que agregam valor a sociedade. Através do modelo proposto, é possível simular diferentes cenários e seus impactos nos agentes, se provando assim uma ferramenta importante de auxílio na tomada de decisão dos órgãos reguladores