Light Weight Space Leaping Using Ray Coherence

We present a space leaping technique for accelerating volume rendering with very low space and run-time complexity. Our technique exploits the ray coherence during ray casting by using the distance a ray traverses in empty space to leap its neighboring rays. Our technique works with parallel as well as perspective volume rendering, does not require any pre-processing or 3D data structures, and is independent of the transfer function. Being an image-space technique, it is independent of the complexity of the data being rendered. It can be used to accelerate both time-coherent and non coherent animation sequences

Interactive volume ray tracing

Die Visualisierung von volumetrischen Daten ist eine der interessantesten, aber sicherlich auch schwierigsten Anwendungsgebiete innerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Visualisierung. Im Gegensatz zu Oberflächenmodellen, repräsentieren solche Daten ein semi-transparentes Medium in einem 3D-Feld. Anwendungen reichen von medizinischen Untersuchungen, Simulation physikalischer Prozesse bis hin zur visuellen Kunst. Viele dieser Anwendungen verlangen Interaktivität hinsichtlich Darstellungs- und Visualisierungsparameter. Der Ray-Tracing- (Stahlverfolgungs-) Algorithmus wurde dabei, obwohl er inhärent die Interaktion mit einem solchen Medium simulieren kann, immer als zu langsam angesehen. Die meisten Forscher konzentrierten sich vielmehr auf Rasterisierungsansätze, da diese besser für Grafikkarten geeignet sind. Dabei leiden diese Ansätze entweder unter einer ungenügenden Qualität respektive Flexibilität. Die andere Alternative besteht darin, den Ray-Tracing-Algorithmus so zu beschleunigen, dass er sinnvoll für Visualisierungsanwendungen benutzt werden kann. Seit der Verfügbarkeit moderner Grafikkarten hat die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet nachgelassen, obwohl selbst moderne GPUs immer noch Limitierungen, wie beispielsweise der begrenzte Grafikkartenspeicher oder das umständliche Programmiermodell, enthalten. Die beiden in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Methoden sind deshalb vollständig softwarebasiert, da es sinnvoller erscheint, möglichst viele Optimierungen in Software zu realisieren, bevor eine Portierung auf Hardware erfolgt. Die erste Methode wird impliziter Kd-Baum genannt, eine hierarchische und räumliche Beschleunigungstruktur, die ursprünglich für die Generierung von Isoflächen reguläre Gitterdatensätze entwickelt wurde. In der Zwischenzeit unterstützt sie auch die semi-transparente Darstellung, die Darstellung von zeitabhängigen Datensätzen und wurde erfolgreich für andere Anwendungen eingesetzt. Der zweite Algorithmus benutzt so genannte Plücker-Koordinaten, welche die Implementierung eines schnellen inkrementellen Traversierers für Datensätze erlauben, deren Primitive Tetraeder beziehungsweise Hexaeder sind. Beide Algorithmen wurden wesentlich optimiert, um eine interaktive Bildgenerierung volumetrischer Daten zu ermöglichen und stellen deshalb einen wichtigen Beitrag hin zu einem flexiblen und interaktiven Volumen-Ray-Tracing-System dar.Volume rendering is one of the most demanding and interesting topics among scientific visualization. Applications include medical examinations, simulation of physical processes, and visual art. Most of these applications demand interactivity with respect to the viewing and visualization parameters. The ray tracing algorithm, although inherently simulating light interaction with participating media, was always considered too slow. Instead, most researchers followed object-order algorithms better suited for graphics adapters, although such approaches often suffer either from low quality or lack of flexibility. Another alternative is to speed up the ray tracing algorithm to make it competitive for volumetric visualization tasks. Since the advent of modern graphic adapters, research in this area had somehow ceased, although some limitations of GPUs, e.g. limited graphics board memory and tedious programming model, are still a problem. The two methods discussed in this thesis are therefore purely software-based since it is believed that software implementations allow for a far better optimization process before porting algorithms to hardware. The first method is called implicit kd-tree, which is a hierarchical spatial acceleration structure originally developed for iso-surface rendering of regular data sets that now supports semi-transparent rendering, time-dependent data visualization, and is even used in non volume-rendering applications. The second algorithm uses so-called Plücker coordinates, providing a fast incremental traversal for data sets consisting of tetrahedral or hexahedral primitives. Both algorithms are highly optimized to support interactive rendering of volumetric data sets and are therefore major contributions towards a flexible and interactive volume ray tracing framework

Visualisation of curved tubular structures in medical databases: An application to virtual colonoscopy

Medical conditions affecting the colon are problematic to diagnose due to the difficulty in examining this particular internal organ. To date, the most widely used approach is to perform a colonoscopy; a procedure in which a small camera is inserted into the colon to examine its surface. This procedure is unpleasant and potentially dangerous for the patient, and is expensive and time consuming for the hospital. As a result, patients at risk of developing the conditions are not always screened as often as would be desirable. Over the last few years a new approach known as virtual colonoscopy has been gaining popularity. The method uses information from a CT scan to reconstruct a 3D model of the colon which can then be examined without the patient needing to undergo a colonoscopy. This approach is now commonly used when screening for polyps (an indication of colon cancer) but can not be so easily used on conditions such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) where information beyond the shape of the surface is required. This thesis forms part of a larger project which aims to diagnose conditions such as IBD by using image processing algorithms on CT data and presenting the results to the user in an easy to interpret way. Specifically we are concerned with this visualisation stage of the system and so have developed a new visualisation approach which we call Volumetric CPR. This can be used to supplement the more traditional virtual flythrough visualisation and is applicable to IBD detection as well as screening for polyps. Our technique builds on the concept of Curved Planar Reformation (CPR), which has proved to be a practical and widely used tool for the visualisation of curved tubular structures within the human body. It has been useful in medical procedures involving the examination of blood vessels and the spine. However, it is more difficult to use it for structures such as the colon because abnormalities are smaller relative to the size of the structure and may not have such distinct density and shape characteristics. Our new approach improves on this situation by using volume rendering for hollow regions of the structure and standard CPR, for the surrounding tissue. This effectively combines grey scale contextual information with detailed colour information from the area of interest. The approach is successfully used with each of the standard CPR types and the resulting images are promising as an alternative for virtual colonoscopy. We also demonstrate how systems can effectively utilize this new visualisation in order to convey maximum information to the user. We show how overlays can be used to present surface coverage data and how sophisticated lighting models can improve the users understanding of the 3D structure. We also present details of how to integrate our visualisation into existing systems and work flows