Legal Literacy and Users’ Awareness of Privacy, Data Protection and Copyright Legislation in the Web 2.0 Era

Web 2.0 offers an easy way for individuals to share any kind of content. The users’ new role of being a content producer is associated with the responsibility to observe the relevant law. In this article, relevant regulations of the German and Austrian law are presented. In an attempt to understand the factors that influence users’ lawful behavior, the presented research examines the effects of legal literacy, awareness and lawful attitude on lawful and unlawful actions. The empirical study shows results from a survey of 1,134 students from three different faculties. Regression and mediation analyses were used to analyze the effects. The results indicate that legal literacy has a negative direct influence on lawful behavior, while lawful attitude shows a positive effect among Austrian students. Furthermore, legal awareness has a stronger effect on lawful attitude than legal literacy

Enhancing Key Digital Literacy Skills: Information Privacy, Information Security, and Copyright/Intellectual Property

Key Messages Background Knowledge and skills in the areas of information security, information privacy, and copyright/intellectual property rights and protection are of key importance for organizational and individual success in an evolving society and labour market in which information is a core resource. Organizations require skilled and knowledgeable professionals who understand risks and responsibilities related to the management of information privacy, information security, and copyright/intellectual property. Professionals with this expertise can assist organizations to ensure that they and their employees meet requirements for the privacy and security of information in their care and control, and in order to ensure that neither the organization nor its employees contravene copyright provisions in their use of information. Failure to meet any of these responsibilities can expose the organization to reputational harm, legal action and/or financial loss. Context Inadequate or inappropriate information management practices of individual employees are at the root of organizational vulnerabilities with respect to information privacy, information security, and information ownership issues. Users demonstrate inadequate skills and knowledge coupled with inappropriate practices in these areas, and similar gaps at the organizational level are also widely documented. National and international regulatory frameworks governing information privacy, information security, and copyright/intellectual property are complex and in constant flux, placing additional burden on organizations to keep abreast of relevant regulatory and legal responsibilities. Governance and risk management related to information privacy, security, and ownership are critical to many job categories, including the emerging areas of information and knowledge management. There is an increasing need for skilled and knowledgeable individuals to fill organizational roles related to information management, with particular growth in these areas within the past 10 years. Our analysis of current job postings in Ontario supports the demand for skills and knowledge in these areas. Key Competencies We have developed a set of key competencies across a range of areas that responds to these needs by providing a blueprint for the training of information managers prepared for leadership and strategic positions. These competencies are identified in the full report. Competency areas include: conceptual foundations risk assessment tools and techniques for threat responses communications contract negotiation and compliance evaluation and assessment human resources management organizational knowledge management planning; policy awareness and compliance policy development project managemen

Tackling food marketing to children in a digital world: trans-disciplinary perspectives. Children’s rights, evidence of impact, methodological challenges, regulatory options and policy implications for the WHO European Region

There is unequivocal evidence that childhood obesity is influenced by marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages high in saturated fat, salt and/or free sugars (HFSS), and a core recommendation of the WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity is to reduce children’s exposure to all such marketing. As a result, WHO has called on Member States to introduce restrictions on marketing of HFSS foods to children, covering all media, including digital, and to close any regulatory loopholes. This publication provides up-to-date information on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children and the changes that have occurred in recent years, focusing in particular on the major shift to digital marketing. It examines trends in media use among children, marketing methods in the new digital media landscape and children’s engagement with such marketing. It also considers the impact on children and their ability to counter marketing as well as the implications for children’s rights and digital privacy. Finally the report discusses the policy implications and some of the recent policy action by WHO European Member States

Keystones to foster inclusive knowledge societies: access to information and knowledge, freedom of expression, privacy, and ethics on a global internet

The transnational and multi-dimensional nature of Cyberspace and its growing importance presents new frontiers with unparalleled opportunities and challenges for access to information and knowledge, freedom of expression, privacy and ethics. The Internet Study being undertaken by UNESCO is seeking to provide the necessary clarity to support holistic approaches to addressing this broad range of interrelated issues as well as their short and long-term effects. The study was built on a year-long multistakeholder consultation process, which involved several rounds of consultation with member states and other actors, as well as almost 200 major responses to an online questionnaire. The Study includes the Options for future actions of UNESCO in the Internet related issues, which has served as a basis for the Outcome Document as adopted by the CONNECTing the Dots Conference on 3 and 4 March 2015. The Study also affirmed that the same rights that people have offline must be protected online, and good practices are shared between Member States and other stakeholders, in order to address security and privacy concerns on the Internet and in accordance with international human rights obligations. The Study also supports the Internet Universality principles (R.O.A.M) that promote a human rights-based approach, including freedom of expression, privacy, open Internet, accessible to all and characterized by multistakeholder participation

Transparent government, not transparent citizens: a report on privacy and transparency for the Cabinet Office

1. Privacy is extremely important to transparency. The political legitimacy of a transparency programme will depend crucially on its ability to retain public confidence. Privacy protection should therefore be embedded in any transparency programme, rather than bolted on as an afterthought. 2. Privacy and transparency are compatible, as long as the former is carefully protected and considered at every stage. 3. Under the current transparency regime, in which public data is specifically understood not to include personal data, most data releases will not raise privacy concerns. However, some will, especially as we move toward a more demand-driven scheme. 4. Discussion about deanonymisation has been driven largely by legal considerations, with a consequent neglect of the input of the technical community. 5. There are no complete legal or technical fixes to the deanonymisation problem. We should continue to anonymise sensitive data, being initially cautious about releasing such data under the Open Government Licence while we continue to take steps to manage and research the risks of deanonymisation. Further investigation to determine the level of risk would be very welcome. 6. There should be a focus on procedures to output an auditable debate trail. Transparency about transparency – metatransparency – is essential for preserving trust and confidence. Fourteen recommendations are made to address these conclusions

Perceptions of faculty and students toward the obstacles of implementing e -government in educational institutions in Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of faculty members and students towards the obstacles of e-government implementation in educational institutions in Saudi Arabia. To collect data, the researcher developed two surveys and employed a quantitative research technique. The research population involved 101 faculty members and 305 students from the IPA, KSU and IMBSIU. Descriptive statistics, frequency and percentage were conducted for each variable. Means and standard deviations for all Likert-type scale variables were calculated. Testing for the equality of groups\u27 means was conducted using t-test or Analyses of Variance (ANOVA). The level of significance was 0.05 for all tests. The collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Depending on literature, 46 statements were identified as obstacles. The results of the study show that 37 of the identified obstacles prevent or influence e-government implementation in educational institutions. The identified obstacles were then categorized into six groups: educational, organizational, political, financial, social, and technological obstacles, ranked from highest to lowest mean. There was no statistically significant difference between groups of students and faculty members, males and females, and respondents from different institutions regarding all variables. However, a t-test revealed significant difference in participants from different academic majors with respect to their total scores on responses related to financial obstacles.;The study suggests that the e-government implementation should be done gradually throughout comprehensive planning. Therefore, a comprehensive plan should be made that includes all factors and aspects organizational, educational, financial, legislative, technological, and environmental. Also, e-government implementation needs to be integrated into the national curriculums from primary school to higher education. Furthermore, it is recommended that educational institutions should offer workshops, training programs, seminars and conferences regarding e-government implementation, as well as conducting a massive campaign to raise social awareness of e-government advantages. Also, fundamental changes in organizational behavior are necessary to overcome resistance to change. Educational institutions need to establish teams in each institution to be in charge of e-government applications and also support them by adequate budget and authority. The IPA should play an active role in training governmental employees in e-government applications, offering consultations, and performing research in this regard as well

Awareness of Personal Data Protection Law in concern to literacy

Understanding privacy literacy can help everyone treat their personal data shared on online platforms. Data protection starts from the idea that individuals have the right to information about themselves. There must be efforts to prevent misuse; hence, it makes digital literacy important. This research aimed to measure students' understanding of the importance of protecting personal data in the PDP Law based on the categories of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. The research used quantitative methods with an analytical survey approach. Data analysis techniques used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The population was 75 undergraduate and postgraduate students in West Java. The final score showed the number 81. Research results showed that the knowledge dimension scored 82, or a good level. It explained that most respondents understood data privacy protection laws. The attitude dimension had a score of 83, classified as good. Respondents were expected to stay informed about information protection and data privacy. The behavioral dimension was lower than the other dimensions, namely 77 or classified as an average level. In conclusion, the awareness level of the Data Privacy Protection Law based on the areas and dimensions that have been taken into account is at a good level, although it still needs improvement in terms of habits or behavior

Social Media in the Dental School Environment, Part B: Curricular Considerations

The goal of this article is to describe the broad curricular constructs surrounding teaching and learning about social media in dental education. This analysis takes into account timing, development, and assessment of the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors needed to effectively use social media tools as a contemporary dentist. Three developmental stages in a student’s path to becoming a competent professional are described: from undergraduate to dental student, from the classroom and preclinical simulation laboratory to the clinical setting, and from dental student to licensed practitioner. Considerations for developing the dental curriculum and suggestions for effective instruction at each stage are offered. In all three stages in the future dentist’s evolution, faculty members need to educate students about appropriate professional uses of social media. Faculty members should provide instruction on the beneficial aspects of this communication medium and help students recognize the potential pitfalls associated with its use. The authors provide guidelines for customizing instruction to complement each stage of development, recognizing that careful timing is not only important for optimal learning but can prevent inappropriate use of social media as students are introduced to novel situations