779 research outputs found
LTE/NR V2X Communication Modes and Future Requirements of Intelligent Transportation Systems Based on MR-DC Architectures
[EN] This paper deals with the potential of Third Generation Partnership (3GPP) Project mobile cellular standards to enable vehicular communications. Starting from 3GPP Release 15, and Release 16 specifications for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications, the different communication modes, interfaces and use cases for V2X based on Long Term Evolution (LTE) and New Radio (NR) are analyzed. This research also studies the potential beneficial impact on V2X of a network that is aware of the underlying Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) architecture. The methodology followed in this work consists of a review of 3GPP standards for vehicular communications based on mobile networks. The performance evaluation of the communication modes was performed through simulations taking into account resource allocation schemes, packet transmission frequencies, packet size, vehicle density and other parameters defined in the standard. In order to perform simulations of the decentralized communication mode (mode 4), a simulator based on OMNeT++ was configured. For the centralized mode (mode 3), an analytical model in MATLAB was used to configure different simulation scenarios. The results obtained indicate that LTE networks can only support basic V2X use cases because they do not demand strict potential requirements. Simulations showed that the centralized mode offers better performance than mode 4; however, it requires cellular network coverage. More advanced use cases are key for a future Intelligent Transport System (ITS), high-performance networks (i.e., Fifth Generation (5G), NR) are expected to coexist gradually with LTE in the V2X landscape. Therefore, in order to meet the strict requirements for latency, transmission speed and reliability, MR-DC architectures combining different radio access technologies, communication modes and connection interfaces should be deployed. In addition, operation in multi-operator and cross-border scenarios must be guaranteed.This research was supported by the European Union's H2020-ICT-18-2018 action "5G for cooperative, connected and automated mobility", for project "5G for Connected and Automated Road Mobility in the European unioN (5G-CARMEN)" under grant agreement no. 825012.González, EE.; Garcia-Roger, D.; Monserrat Del Río, JF. (2022). LTE/NR V2X Communication Modes and Future Requirements of Intelligent Transportation Systems Based on MR-DC Architectures. Sustainability. 14(7):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1407387911914
Pay as You Go: A Generic Crypto Tolling Architecture
The imminent pervasive adoption of vehicular communication, based on
dedicated short-range technology (ETSI ITS G5 or IEEE WAVE), 5G, or both, will
foster a richer service ecosystem for vehicular applications. The appearance of
new cryptography based solutions envisaging digital identity and currency
exchange are set to stem new approaches for existing and future challenges.
This paper presents a novel tolling architecture that harnesses the
availability of 5G C-V2X connectivity for open road tolling using smartphones,
IOTA as the digital currency and Hyperledger Indy for identity validation. An
experimental feasibility analysis is used to validate the proposed architecture
for secure, private and convenient electronic toll payment
Performance Analysis of Unsupervised LTE Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication
Cellular network technology based device-to-device communication attracts
increasing attention for use cases such as the control of autonomous vehicles
on the ground and in the air. LTE provides device-to-device communication
options, however, the configuration options are manifold (leading to 150+
possible combinations) and therefore the ideal combination of parameters is
hard to find. Depending on the use case, either throughput, reliability or
latency constraints may be the primary concern of the service provider. In this
work we analyze the impact of different configuration settings of unsupervised
LTE device-to-device (sidelink) communication on the system performance. Using
a simulative approach we vary the length of the PSCCH period and the number of
PSCCH subframes and determine the impact of different combinations of those
parameters on the resulting latency, reliability and the interarrival times of
the received packets. Furthermore we examine the system limitations by a
scalability analysis. In this context, we propose a modified HARQ process to
mitigate scalability constraints. Our results show that the proposed reduced
HARQ retransmission probability can increase the system performance regarding
latency and interarrival times as well as the packet transmission reliability
for higher channel utilization
Security of 5G-V2X: Technologies, Standardization and Research Directions
Cellular-Vehicle to Everything (C-V2X) aims at resolving issues pertaining to
the traditional usability of Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle to
Vehicle (V2V) networking. Specifically, C-V2X lowers the number of entities
involved in vehicular communications and allows the inclusion of
cellular-security solutions to be applied to V2X. For this, the evolvement of
LTE-V2X is revolutionary, but it fails to handle the demands of high
throughput, ultra-high reliability, and ultra-low latency alongside its
security mechanisms. To counter this, 5G-V2X is considered as an integral
solution, which not only resolves the issues related to LTE-V2X but also
provides a function-based network setup. Several reports have been given for
the security of 5G, but none of them primarily focuses on the security of
5G-V2X. This article provides a detailed overview of 5G-V2X with a
security-based comparison to LTE-V2X. A novel Security Reflex Function
(SRF)-based architecture is proposed and several research challenges are
presented related to the security of 5G-V2X. Furthermore, the article lays out
requirements of Ultra-Dense and Ultra-Secure (UD-US) transmissions necessary
for 5G-V2X.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, Preprin
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