A Review: Circuit Theory of Microstrip Antennas for Dual-, Multi-, and Ultra-Widebands

In this chapter, a review has been presented on dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband (UWB). This review has been classified according to antenna feeding and loading of antennas using slots and notch and coplanar structure. Thereafter a comparison of dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband antenna has been presented. The basic geometry of patch antenna has been present along with its equivalent circuit diagram. It has been observed that patch antenna geometry for ultra-wideband is difficult to achieve with normal structure. Ultra-wideband antennas are achieved with two or more techniques; mostly UWB antennas are achieved from coplaner structures

Wideband and UWB antennas for wireless applications. A comprehensive review

A comprehensive review concerning the geometry, the manufacturing technologies, the materials, and the numerical techniques, adopted for the analysis and design of wideband and ultrawideband (UWB) antennas for wireless applications, is presented. Planar, printed, dielectric, and wearable antennas, achievable on laminate (rigid and flexible), and textile dielectric substrates are taken into account. The performances of small, low-profile, and dielectric resonator antennas are illustrated paying particular attention to the application areas concerning portable devices (mobile phones, tablets, glasses, laptops, wearable computers, etc.) and radio base stations. This information provides a guidance to the selection of the different antenna geometries in terms of bandwidth, gain, field polarization, time-domain response, dimensions, and materials useful for their realization and integration in modern communication systems

Passive Components for Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Applications

UWB technology brings the convenience and mobility of wireless communications to very high-speed interconnects in the home and office due to the precision capabilities combined with the low power. This makes it ideal for certain radio frequency sensitive environments such as hospitals and healthcare as well as radars. UWB intrusion-detection radar is used for detecting through the wall and also used for security with fuse avoidance radar, precision locating and tracking (using distance measurements between radios), and precision time-of-arrival-based localization approaches. The FCC issued a ruling in 2002 that allowed intentional UWB emissions in the frequency range between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz, subject to certain restrictions for the emission power spectrum. Other definitions for ultra-wideband range of frequency are also used such as any device that has 500 MHz bandwidth or fractional bandwidth greater than 25% is considered an UWB enable high data rate to be transferred with a very low power that does not exceed −41.3 dBm

Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond

With the rapid evolution of the wireless communications, fifth-generation (5G) communication has received much attention from both academia and industry, with many reported efforts and research outputs and significant improvements in different aspects, such as data rate speed and resolution, mobility, latency, etc. In some countries, the commercialization of 5G communication has already started as well as initial research of beyond technologies such as 6G.MIMO technology with multiple antennas is a promising technology to obtain the requirements of 5G/6G communications. It can significantly enhance the system capacity and resist multipath fading, and has become a hot spot in the field of wireless communications. This technology is a key component and probably the most established to truly reach the promised transfer data rates of future communication systems. In MIMO systems, multiple antennas are deployed at both the transmitter and receiver sides. The greater number of antennas can make the system more resistant to intentional jamming and interference. Massive MIMO with an especially high number of antennas can reduce energy consumption by targeting signals to individual users utilizing beamforming.Apart from sub-6 GHz frequency bands, 5G/6G devices are also expected to cover millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) spectra. However, moving to higher bands will bring new challenges and will certainly require careful consideration of the antenna design for smart devices. Compact antennas arranged as conformal, planar, and linear arrays can be employed at different portions of base stations and user equipment to form phased arrays with high gain and directional radiation beams. The objective of this Special Issue is to cover all aspects of antenna designs used in existing or future wireless communication systems. The aim is to highlight recent advances, current trends, and possible future developments of 5G/6G antennas

Design of Square Patch Microstrip Antenna for Circular Polarization Using IE3D Software

Communication between humans was first by sound through voice. With the desire for slightly more distance communication came, devices such as drums, then, visual methods such as signal flags and smoke signals were used. These optical communication devices, of course, utilized the light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. It has been only very recent in human history that the electromagnetic spectrum, outside the visible region, has been employed for communication, through the use of radio. One of humankind’s greatest natural resources is the electromagnetic spectrum and the antenna has been instrumental in harnessing this resource.The thesis provides a detailed study of how to design and fabricate a probe-fed Square Microstrip Patch Antenna using IE3D software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width

Design and Analysis of Dielectric Resonator Antennas For WLAN Applications

The increasing use of wireless mobile communication systems demand the antennas for different systems and standards with properties like reduced size, broadband, multi band operation, moderate gain etc. The planar and dielectric resonator antennas are the present day antenna designer’s choice. However, micro strip and Dielectric resonator antennas inherently have a narrow bandwidth. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) first approved rules for the commercial use of ultra-wideband (UWB) in 2002, the experiments on ultra wide band (UWB) systems have been expanding rapidly. In this thesis, a low-cost compact microstrip line-fed antenna with parasitic patches resulting a Ultra-Wideband characteristics with a band dispensation is presented. The antenna was implemented on FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm & relative permittivity (µr) of 4.3 .It has a partial ground plane .The antennas is exited by microstrip line feed. The proposed antenna is a Rectangular shape , “T” shape,& “ð” shape made of Teflon of permittivity (µr) of 2.1& compare with “ð” shape made of Roger of permittivity (µr) of 10.2 .The proposed antenna is simulated with CST Studio 2011. The return loss results and radiation pattern plots of the antenna are included in this thesis

Design And Practical Implementation Of Harmonic-Transponder Sensors

Harmonic radar is a nonlinear detection technology that transmits and receives radio-frequency (RF) signals at orthogonal frequencies, so as to suppress the undesired clutters, echoes and electromagnetic interreferences due to multipath scattering. Its implementation generally comprises a nonlinear tag (i.e, a harmonic transponder), which picks the interrogation signal at specific fundamental frequency (f0) and converts it into a high/sub-harmonic signal (nf0). Such a technology has been successfully applied to tracking small insects and detection of electrically-small objects in the rich-scattering environment. Similarly, a harmonic sensor is used to interrogate electrically-small and passive sensors, of which the magnitude and peak frequency of output harmonics (e.g., second harmonic) are functions of the parameter to be sensed. A harmonic tag or sensor comprises one or multiple antennas, a frequency modulator, a sensor, a microchip and matching networks. Here, we propose and experimentally validate compact, low-cost, low-profile, and conformal hybrid-fed microstrip antennas for the harmonics-based radar and sensor systems. The proposed 98 microstrip antennas are based on a simple single-layered and hybrid-feed structure. By optimizing the feed position and the geometry of microstrip patch, the fundamental mode and particular higher-order modes can be excited at the fundamental frequency and the second harmonic. We have derived the analytical expressions for calculating the antennas’ resonant frequencies, which have been verified with numerical simulations and measurements. Our results show that the proposed hybrid-feed, single-layered microstrip antennas, although having a compact size and a low profile, can achieve descent realized gain (1.2 – 3.5 dB), good impedance matching (return loss \u3c -15 dB), high isolation (\u3c-20 dB), and favorable co/cross-polarization properties. The proposed microstrip antennas may benefit various size-restricted harmonic transponders used for harmonic radars, harmonic sensors, medical implants, passive radio-frequency identification (RFID), and internet-of-things (IoT) applications

Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond

This book is a reprint of the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond that was published in Sensors

Design of dielectric resonator antenna arrays for wireless applications

This thesis presents design of dielectric resonator antenna array for wireless applications. Three antenna designed are presented in the following sections. The first design is a notched chamfered two element rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array for wireless (WLAN and WIMAX) applications. Here the DRA array is excited by conformal patch connected to microstrip line. The shape is notched and chamfered to improve the performance of the antenna. From the Simulation results it can be observed that the proposed antenna covers 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz WLAN bands and 3.4 to 3.7 GHz WIMAX bands, achieving an impedance bandwidth from 2.18 to 3.75 GHz and 4.84 to 5.14 GHz. Parametric study is done by varying the shapes of the rectangular DRA arrays (Simple Rectangle, chamfered and chamfered with notched). Another parametric study is carried out by varying the dimension of the ground plane of the final design. The second design is a rectangular shaped two element Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) array for 2.4 GHz WLAN application. Here microstrip feed line in corporate (parallel) arrangement is used for feeding. Simulation result shows that the antenna achieves a bandwidth from 2.1 to 3 GHz, covering the 2.4 GHz WLAN band. Here the parametric study is done by varying the feed line and the ground plane of the antenna. The simulation results as well as the parametric studies are incorporated in this thesis. The third one is the Design of four element rectangular shaped dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) array for wireless applications. The RDRA array is fed by rectangular conformal patch (RCP) connected to microstrip line. Simulation result shows that the proposed antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth from 4 GHz to 7.1 GHz covering various wireless bands. Parametric studies have been carried out by varying the RCP height and the ground plane of the final design

UWB Technology

Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology has attracted increasing interest and there is a growing demand for UWB for several applications and scenarios. The unlicensed use of the UWB spectrum has been regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) since the early 2000s. The main concern in designing UWB circuits is to consider the assigned bandwidth and the low power permitted for transmission. This makes UWB circuit design a challenging mission in today's community. Various circuit designs and system implementations are published in this book to give the reader a glimpse of the state-of-the-art examples in this field. The book starts at the circuit level design of major UWB elements such as filters, antennas, and amplifiers; and ends with the complete system implementation using such modules