Driving lamps by induction

An electrodeless lamp circuit with a coil surrounding a krypton lamp is driven by an RF input source. A coil surrounding a mercury lamp is tapped across the connection of the input central to the krypton-lamp coil. Each coil is connected in parallel with separate capacitors which form resonant circuits at the input frequency

Krypton assay in xenon at the ppq level using a gas chromatographic system and mass spectrometer

We have developed a new method to measure krypton traces in xenon at unprecedented low concentrations. This is a mandatory task for many near-future low-background particle physics detectors. Our system separates krypton from xenon using cryogenic gas chromatography. The amount of krypton is then quantified using a mass spectrometer. We demonstrate that the system has achieved a detection limit of 8 ppq (parts per quadrillion) and present results of distilled xenon with krypton concentrations below 1 ppt.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Radioactive method enables determination of surface areas rapidly and accurately

Radioactive krypton adsorption technique is used to determine the surface area of more than one sample of material simultaneously

Actinometry of Hydrogen Plasmas

Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) can be used to map the electron energy distribution of hydrogen plasmas. Using actinometry, a type of OES where trace amounts of noble gases are introduced, the effect of discharge power on the electron temperature of hydrogen plasmas was explored. This was done using argon and krypton as actinometers for low pressure hydrogen plasmas. It was determined that the electron temperature decreased with respect to power supplied to the discharge

REDUPLICATION IN UAB METO

This article is concerned with reduplication in Uab Meto which divided into three parts. First is general characterization of reduplication in UAb Meto, second are the formal properties of reduplication in Uab Meto, third is the function of reduplication in Uab Meto. Data was elicited from observation and interviewing native speakers. Some data also taken from literatures which written in Uab Meto such as bible and articles in local news papers. Uab Meto has a unique characteristic of reduplicating a word because analyzing morphological process of reduplication is interrelated to other aspects such as clause (syntax) and sound harmony (phonology). Based on data collected, it shown that reduplication can be done to verb, noun, adjective, and adverb. For example, the noun neno ‘day’ has two forms of reduplication, they are neno-neno that is a noun and nen-neno’ is an adverb. The first reduplicated word neno-neno means every day, while the second, nenneno’ means on the day time. Another aspect to see in this article is the function of reduplication. The word muti’ ‘white’ for example, has two form of reduplication, namely muti-muti and mut-muti’. The first reduplicated word muti-muti is an intensification which mean very white/clean but the second mut-muti, there is a transfer of meaning to show similarity which mean ‘looks white’. The two examples above show that reduplication in Uab Meto is a morphological process which is driven by phonological output requirements. Phonological constraints are existed to make the output phonologically harmonic. The result of reduplicated word can be either inflectional or derivational

Removing krypton from xenon by cryogenic distillation to the ppq level

The XENON1T experiment aims for the direct detection of dark matter in a cryostat filled with 3.3 tons of liquid xenon. In order to achieve the desired sensitivity, the background induced by radioactive decays inside the detector has to be sufficiently low. One major contributor is the $\beta$-emitter $^{85}$Kr which is an intrinsic contamination of the xenon. For the XENON1T experiment a concentration of natural krypton in xenon $\rm{^{nat}}$Kr/Xe < 200 ppq (parts per quadrillion, 1 ppq = 10$^{-15}$ mol/mol) is required. In this work, the design of a novel cryogenic distillation column using the common McCabe-Thiele approach is described. The system demonstrated a krypton reduction factor of 6.4$\cdot$10$^5$ with thermodynamic stability at process speeds above 3 kg/h. The resulting concentration of $\rm{^{nat}}$Kr/Xe < 26 ppq is the lowest ever achieved, almost one order of magnitude below the requirements for XENON1T and even sufficient for future dark matter experiments using liquid xenon, such as XENONnT and DARWIN

Clathration of Volatiles in the Solar Nebula and Implications for the Origin of Titan's atmosphere

We describe a scenario of Titan's formation matching the constraints imposed by its current atmospheric composition. Assuming that the abundances of all elements, including oxygen, are solar in the outer nebula, we show that the icy planetesimals were agglomerated in the feeding zone of Saturn from a mixture of clathrates with multiple guest species, so-called stochiometric hydrates such as ammonia hydrate, and pure condensates. We also use a statistical thermodynamic approach to constrain the composition of multiple guest clathrates formed in the solar nebula. We then infer that krypton and xenon, that are expected to condense in the 20-30 K temperature range in the solar nebula, are trapped in clathrates at higher temperatures than 50 K. Once formed, these ices either were accreted by Saturn or remained embedded in its surrounding subnebula until they found their way into the regular satellites growing around Saturn. In order to explain the carbon monoxide and primordial argon deficiencies of Titan's atmosphere, we suggest that the satellite was formed from icy planetesimals initially produced in the solar nebula and that were partially devolatilized at a temperature not exceeding 50 K during their migration within Saturn's subnebula. The observed deficiencies of Titan's atmosphere in krypton and xenon could result from other processes that may have occurred both prior or after the completion of Titan. Thus, krypton and xenon may have been sequestrated in the form of XH3+ complexes in the solar nebula gas phase, causing the formation of noble gas-poor planetesimals ultimately accreted by Titan. Alternatively, krypton and xenon may have also been trapped efficiently in clathrates located on the satellite's surface or in its atmospheric haze.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa