Vision for Social Robots: Human Perception and Pose Estimation

In order to extract the underlying meaning from a scene captured from the surrounding world in a single still image, social robots will need to learn the human ability to detect different objects, understand their arrangement and relationships relative both to their own parts and to each other, and infer the dynamics under which they are evolving. Furthermore, they will need to develop and hold a notion of context to allow assigning different meanings (semantics) to the same visual configuration (syntax) of a scene. The underlying thread of this Thesis is the investigation of new ways for enabling interactions between social robots and humans, by advancing the visual perception capabilities of robots when they process images and videos in which humans are the main focus of attention. First, we analyze the general problem of scene understanding, as social robots moving through the world need to be able to interpret scenes without having been assigned a specific preset goal. Throughout this line of research, i) we observe that human actions and interactions which can be visually discriminated from an image follow a very heavy-tailed distribution; ii) we develop an algorithm that can obtain a spatial understanding of a scene by only using cues arising from the effect of perspective on a picture of a person’s face; and iii) we define a novel taxonomy of errors for the task of estimating the 2D body pose of people in images to better explain the behavior of algorithms and highlight their underlying causes of error. Second, we focus on the specific task of 3D human pose and motion estimation from monocular 2D images using weakly supervised training data, as accurately predicting human pose will open up the possibility of richer interactions between humans and social robots. We show that when 3D ground-truth data is only available in small quantities, or not at all, it is possible to leverage knowledge about the physical properties of the human body, along with additional constraints related to alternative types of supervisory signals, to learn models that can regress the full 3D pose of the human body and predict its motions from monocular 2D images. Taken in its entirety, the intent of this Thesis is to highlight the importance of, and provide novel methodologies for, social robots' ability to interpret their surrounding environment, learn in a way that is robust to low data availability, and generalize previously observed behaviors to unknown situations in a similar way to humans.</p

Time-slice analysis of dyadic human activity

La reconnaissance d’activités humaines à partir de données vidéo est utilisée pour la surveillance ainsi que pour des applications d’interaction homme-machine. Le principal objectif est de classer les vidéos dans l’une des k classes d’actions à partir de vidéos entièrement observées. Cependant, de tout temps, les systèmes intelligents sont améliorés afin de prendre des décisions basées sur des incertitudes et ou des informations incomplètes. Ce besoin nous motive à introduire le problème de l’analyse de l’incertitude associée aux activités humaines et de pouvoir passer à un nouveau niveau de généralité lié aux problèmes d’analyse d’actions. Nous allons également présenter le problème de reconnaissance d’activités par intervalle de temps, qui vise à explorer l’activité humaine dans un intervalle de temps court. Il a été démontré que l’analyse par intervalle de temps est utile pour la caractérisation des mouvements et en général pour l’analyse de contenus vidéo. Ces études nous encouragent à utiliser ces intervalles de temps afin d’analyser l’incertitude associée aux activités humaines. Nous allons détailler à quel degré de certitude chaque activité se produit au cours de la vidéo. Dans cette thèse, l’analyse par intervalle de temps d’activités humaines avec incertitudes sera structurée en 3 parties. i) Nous présentons une nouvelle famille de descripteurs spatiotemporels optimisés pour la prédiction précoce avec annotations d’intervalle de temps. Notre représentation prédictive du point d’intérêt spatiotemporel (Predict-STIP) est basée sur l’idée de la contingence entre intervalles de temps. ii) Nous exploitons des techniques de pointe pour extraire des points d’intérêts afin de représenter ces intervalles de temps. iii) Nous utilisons des relations (uniformes et par paires) basées sur les réseaux neuronaux convolutionnels entre les différentes parties du corps de l’individu dans chaque intervalle de temps. Les relations uniformes enregistrent l’apparence locale de la partie du corps tandis que les relations par paires captent les relations contextuelles locales entre les parties du corps. Nous extrayons les spécificités de chaque image dans l’intervalle de temps et examinons différentes façons de les agréger temporellement afin de générer un descripteur pour tout l’intervalle de temps. En outre, nous créons une nouvelle base de données qui est annotée à de multiples intervalles de temps courts, permettant la modélisation de l’incertitude inhérente à la reconnaissance d’activités par intervalle de temps. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent l’efficience de notre stratégie dans l’analyse des mouvements humains avec incertitude.Recognizing human activities from video data is routinely leveraged for surveillance and human-computer interaction applications. The main focus has been classifying videos into one of k action classes from fully observed videos. However, intelligent systems must to make decisions under uncertainty, and based on incomplete information. This need motivates us to introduce the problem of analysing the uncertainty associated with human activities and move to a new level of generality in the action analysis problem. We also present the problem of time-slice activity recognition which aims to explore human activity at a small temporal granularity. Time-slice recognition is able to infer human behaviours from a short temporal window. It has been shown that temporal slice analysis is helpful for motion characterization and for video content representation in general. These studies motivate us to consider timeslices for analysing the uncertainty associated with human activities. We report to what degree of certainty each activity is occurring throughout the video from definitely not occurring to definitely occurring. In this research, we propose three frameworks for time-slice analysis of dyadic human activity under uncertainty. i) We present a new family of spatio-temporal descriptors which are optimized for early prediction with time-slice action annotations. Our predictive spatiotemporal interest point (Predict-STIP) representation is based on the intuition of temporal contingency between time-slices. ii) we exploit state-of-the art techniques to extract interest points in order to represent time-slices. We also present an accumulative uncertainty to depict the uncertainty associated with partially observed videos for the task of early activity recognition. iii) we use Convolutional Neural Networks-based unary and pairwise relations between human body joints in each time-slice. The unary term captures the local appearance of the joints while the pairwise term captures the local contextual relations between the parts. We extract these features from each frame in a time-slice and examine different temporal aggregations to generate a descriptor for the whole time-slice. Furthermore, we create a novel dataset which is annotated at multiple short temporal windows, allowing the modelling of the inherent uncertainty in time-slice activity recognition. All the three methods have been evaluated on TAP dataset. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework in the analysis of dyadic activities under uncertaint