A systematic review of protocol studies on conceptual design cognition: design as search and exploration

This paper reports findings from the first systematic review of protocol studies focusing specifically on conceptual design cognition, aiming to answer the following research question: What is our current understanding of the cognitive processes involved in conceptual design tasks carried out by individual designers? We reviewed 47 studies on architectural design, engineering design and product design engineering. This paper reports 24 cognitive processes investigated in a subset of 33 studies aligning with two viewpoints on the nature of designing: (V1) design as search (10 processes, 41.7%); and (V2) design as exploration (14 processes, 58.3%). Studies on search focused on solution search and problem structuring, involving: long-term memory retrieval; working memory; operators and reasoning processes. Studies on exploration investigated: co-evolutionary design; visual reasoning; cognitive actions; and unexpected discovery and situated requirements invention. Overall, considerable conceptual and terminological differences were observed among the studies. Nonetheless, a common focus on memory, semantic, associative, visual perceptual and mental imagery processes was observed to an extent. We suggest three challenges for future research to advance the field: (i) developing general models/theories; (ii) testing protocol study findings using objective methods conducive to larger samples and (iii) developing a shared ontology of cognitive processes in design

A survey of children's interests from grade IV through grade VIII in the fields of active recreation, entertainment, reading, school subjects, and vocations.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

The text of Robert Boyle's 'Designe about natural history’

This publication presents a new text of Robert Boyle’s prescriptions for the writing of natural history, compiled in 1666 and partially divulged in 1684, but unpublished till modern times. The current edition restores the text to its correct order for the first time, and adds various cognate documents, including certain sections of the ‘Designe’ which survive elsewhere among the Boyle Papers at the Royal Society and are here first published. The result is to supply a significant document for understanding the evolution of Baconian method during the formative years of the Royal Society. The editors are Michael Hunter, Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London, and Director of the Robert Boyle Project, and Peter Anstey, Professor of Early Modern Philosophy at the University of Otago, New Zealand. (Text from the publisher's website at http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/researchers/occasional_papers.htm

Autonomous Artificial Creators and Inventors : Who owns the IP rights when the machine creates?

Computers have become super computers at recent times. Computer programs such as AI and ML can execute tasks and projects autonomously and independently. It is smarter than other conventional computer programs in a sense that it has creative features like learning, thinking, evolving, and communicating. Using this type of smart computers in the inventive and creative process are becoming extremely popular amongst the inventors, scientists, and researchers. When using these machines, it gives the impression that the machine is inventing or creating the work instead of the people working behind it. As these machines internal and external state are utmost convoluted, it is incomprehensible for the common people. Therefore, identifying the true and original inventors and creative people behind the work is difficult. Moreover, if there is no proper right holder, the rights may not be assigned. This paper aims to solve this issue of inventorship and provide a solution to the problem. The statements made in this thesis will be supported with relevant leading case laws and experts’ opinions. This paper was inspired by the case of DABUS but it can be applied to all inventive and creative machines. Besides analysing the inventive step in regards of Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence, the inventive process, inventive contribution, and inventive act in the machines work will be evaluated to determine the inventors. The work has compared and analysed different legal systems, jurisdiction and patent offices to gain better understanding of the requirements. In addition, this paper has thoroughly described how the creative and inventive machines work and identified the true inventors behind each machine’s work

Inductive logic programming at 30: a new introduction

Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a form of machine learning. The goal of ILP is to induce a hypothesis (a set of logical rules) that generalises training examples. As ILP turns 30, we provide a new introduction to the field. We introduce the necessary logical notation and the main learning settings; describe the building blocks of an ILP system; compare several systems on several dimensions; describe four systems (Aleph, TILDE, ASPAL, and Metagol); highlight key application areas; and, finally, summarise current limitations and directions for future research.Comment: Paper under revie

The Papers of Thomas A. Edison

The second volume of The Papers of Thomas A. Edison, which covers the inventor's life from the end of June 1873 to the end of March 1876, reveals a remarkable diversity of activities and interests. During his late twenties Thomas Edison pursued his pathbreaking work in telegraph technology, formed a business alliance with the notorious financier Jay Gould, and became embroiled in a bitter legal battle over commercial rights to his quadruplex telegraph. Praise for previous volumes of The Papers of Thomas A. Edison:"The essence of the volume is Edison's technical notebooks, a window onto the inventor's workshop. His lucidity comes through everywhere . . . His writing and drawing come together as a single, vigorous thought process."—Russell McCormmach, New York Times."A mine of material . . . Scrupulously edited . . . No one could ask for more . . . A choplicking feast for Edison biographers—well into the next century, and perhaps beyond."—Fred Howard, Washington Post."A triumph of the bookmaker's art, with splendidly arranged illustrations, essential background information, and cautionary reminders of the common sources on which Edison's imagination drew."—David Joravsky, New York Review of Books."In the pages of this volume Edison the man, his work, and his times come alive . . . A delight to browse through or to read carefully."—Thomas J. Misa, Science