Updating Microsoft\u27s Windows 95 and Internet Explorer

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The Elusive Antitrust Standard on Bundling in Europe and in the United States in the Aftermath of the Microsoft Cases

Allegations of anticompetitive tying and bundling were significant parts of the antitrust cases against Microsoft in the United States and the European Union. The facts are well known. Starting with the integration of MS-DOS to Windows and the introduction of Windows XP, Microsoft has progressively produced and added to the Windows operating system a number of applications, such as its Web browser, Internet Explorer (which was included in Windows 95 in 1995), and Windows Media Player (WMP), which was integrated to Windows ME in 2000. Microsoft's policy of integrating new functionalities to the Windows operating system has been challenged by both the U.S. and the European antitrust authorities

Windows Vista: Securing Itself against Competition?

About the end of 2006, Microsoft began delivering its new Windows Vista PC operating system to large commercial customers, followed by final users and small businesses. Even before the product reached the market, the dominant provider of PC operating systems worldwide was accused over and over of abusing its market power in order to hinder competitors. After the integration of Internet Explorer (Windows 95) and the Windows Media Player (Windows XP), competitors today are objecting most strongly to the new security components associated with the Windows Vista Security Center, and the EU Commission has joined in these objections. Opponents have criticized the bundling of previously independent components (transfer of market power through bundling), and security software providers like Symantec and McAfee have argued that limiting access to the core of the operating system will hinder their product development activities. In line with the tradition in EU competition policy, Microsoft's dominance of the PC operating system market justifies supervision of that provider in the interests of preventing abuse. However, the final assessment must take into account unique circumstances arising from the specific market and competitive conditions in the standard software markets. In particular, competition policy should intervene in the PC operating system market only if a demonstrable improvement in the public welfare can be attained as a result. In essence, this means that policymakers should intervene to ensure fair innovation competition, including the introduction of reasonable transparency requirements with respect to operating system interfaces in order to allow regulators to manage potential conflicts between the operating system manufacturer and providers of competing software components (e.g. web browsers, media players or security software). There is need for reform in this area in order to create a reliable and functional system of rules for all market participants. However, unbundling decrees which require strict separation of certain system components are an unsuitable instrument for this purpose.competition policy, Microsoft, operating system markets, platform competition

Utilising the Surging Potential of E-commerce: A Case of Hour Glass Supply Chain

Decade of nineties saw two significant developments with far reaching implications; bringing down of iron curtain and the exponential growth of “Internet”. However, the impact of the latter has been phenomenal. It would not be wrong to say that Internet has redesigned the way we live and undertake economic activities. Ever since the launch of Windows 95 and Intel Pentium chip, the Internet has grown at an exponential rate, never witnessed before in any industry. At the turn of the century as many as 387 million people were hooked to Internet [UNCTAD (2003), p. 2]. As this bubble of Internet expanded, it started engulfing every aspect of life and business. The sheer difference of processes on Internet resulted in new terms as e-commerce and e-business to be coined up. In five years since 1995, Internet grew from simple information searching to controlling under sea robots. The biggest market penetration however, has been online retail stores and business to business (B2B) commerce. Online shopping has its potential because of its easy access by the customers and B2B commerce has its attraction in the savings achieved by implementing e-processes. Another advantage of doing business on Internet is the audit trail, with which any dubious transactions, from anywhere in the world could be traced back to its originator. In the beginning of this decade, the e-commerce was estimated to the tune of US$354 billion. This is slated to expand to US$ 9 trillion in just five years and continuing at the same pace through this decade, see Figure 1. This paper looks into the exponential growth of e-commerce, different sectors and e-supply chains. It develops a new concept in e-supply chain—Hour Glass Supply Chain (HGSC); detailing how this e-supply chain can help in the transition of Pakistan’s economy into e-economy. In this context this paper also elaborates as how

Kontrol Sosial dan Intensitas Penggunaan Internet Pada Perilaku Seks Sebelum Menikah Pada Remaja

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi dari kontrol sosial dan intensitas penggunaan internet dengan perilaku seks sebelum menikah pada remaja di kecamatan Samarinda Ilir. Analisis data diperoleh dengan menggunakan sampel jenuh sebanyak 80 remaja yang bersekolah di kecamatan Samarinda Ilir. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah skala kontrol sosial, skala intensitas penggunaan internet, dan skala perilaku seks sebelum menikah. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan uji Kendall Tau, Kruskal Wallis, dan Main Whitney U dan dengan bantuan program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 for windows. Hasil penelitian dengan taraf kepercayaan 95% menunjukan bahwa; (1) Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kontrol sosial dengan perilaku seks sebelum menikah pada remaja dengan nilai p = 0.000 (p < 0.050), R sebesar -0.534. (2) Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara intensitas penggunaan internet dengan perilaku seks sebelum menikah, dengan nilai p = 0.000 (p <  0.050), R sebesar 0.917

The Elusive Antitrust Standard on Bundling in Europe and in the United States in the Aftermath of the Microsoft Cases

Allegations of anticompetitive tying and bundling were significant parts of the antitrust cases against Microsoft in the United States and the European Union. The facts are well known. Starting with the integration of MS-DOS to Windows and the introduction of Windows XP, Microsoft has progressively produced and added to the Windows operating system a number of applications, such as its Web browser, Internet Explorer (which was included in Windows 95 in 1995), and Windows Media Player (WMP), which was integrated to Windows ME in 2000. Microsoft's policy of integrating new functionalities to the Windows operating system has been challenged by both the U.S. and the European antitrust authorities

The use of TIC’s as a managing tool for traceability in the food industry

Food safety has become an important food quality attribute. Both food industry and authorities need to be able to trace back and to authenticate food products and raw materials used for food production to comply with legislation and to meet the food safety and food quality requirements. PaniGest is a user-friendly computer package designed to manage traceability and help in the quality control and production improvement. This application was developed in Visual Basic language over an SQL database and its main features are: to register quality control parameters of raw materials, in-course products and final products; to manage reception, production and expedition orders; to analyse production costs, productivity, raw materials and products’ consumptions; to trace products during the food chain. It runs on a personal computer over Windows 95/98 or Windows 2000/XP operating system. The program also uses common Internet Browsers to make information available to users.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

Utilising the Surging Potential of E-commerce: A Case of Hour Glass Supply Chain

Decade of nineties saw two significant developments with far reaching implications; bringing down of iron curtain and the exponential growth of “Internet”. However, the impact of the latter has been phenomenal. It would not be wrong to say that Internet has redesigned the way we live and undertake economic activities. Ever since the launch of Windows 95 and Intel Pentium chip, the Internet has grown at an exponential rate, never witnessed before in any industry. At the turn of the century as many as 387 million people were hooked to Internet [UNCTAD (2003), p. 2]. As this bubble of Internet expanded, it started engulfing every aspect of life and business. The sheer difference of processes on Internet resulted in new terms as e-commerce and e-business to be coined up. In five years since 1995, Internet grew from simple information searching to controlling under sea robots. The biggest market penetration however, has been online retail stores and business to business (B2B) commerce. Online shopping has its potential because of its easy access by the customers and B2B commerce has its attraction in the savings achieved by implementing e-processes. Another advantage of doing business on Internet is the audit trail, with which any dubious transactions, from anywhere in the world could be traced back to its originator