Fog Computing in Medical Internet-of-Things: Architecture, Implementation, and Applications

In the era when the market segment of Internet of Things (IoT) tops the chart in various business reports, it is apparently envisioned that the field of medicine expects to gain a large benefit from the explosion of wearables and internet-connected sensors that surround us to acquire and communicate unprecedented data on symptoms, medication, food intake, and daily-life activities impacting one's health and wellness. However, IoT-driven healthcare would have to overcome many barriers, such as: 1) There is an increasing demand for data storage on cloud servers where the analysis of the medical big data becomes increasingly complex, 2) The data, when communicated, are vulnerable to security and privacy issues, 3) The communication of the continuously collected data is not only costly but also energy hungry, 4) Operating and maintaining the sensors directly from the cloud servers are non-trial tasks. This book chapter defined Fog Computing in the context of medical IoT. Conceptually, Fog Computing is a service-oriented intermediate layer in IoT, providing the interfaces between the sensors and cloud servers for facilitating connectivity, data transfer, and queryable local database. The centerpiece of Fog computing is a low-power, intelligent, wireless, embedded computing node that carries out signal conditioning and data analytics on raw data collected from wearables or other medical sensors and offers efficient means to serve telehealth interventions. We implemented and tested an fog computing system using the Intel Edison and Raspberry Pi that allows acquisition, computing, storage and communication of the various medical data such as pathological speech data of individuals with speech disorders, Phonocardiogram (PCG) signal for heart rate estimation, and Electrocardiogram (ECG)-based Q, R, S detection.Comment: 29 pages, 30 figures, 5 tables. Keywords: Big Data, Body Area Network, Body Sensor Network, Edge Computing, Fog Computing, Medical Cyberphysical Systems, Medical Internet-of-Things, Telecare, Tele-treatment, Wearable Devices, Chapter in Handbook of Large-Scale Distributed Computing in Smart Healthcare (2017), Springe

Smart Assistive mHealth System for Medication Adherence in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Cognitive impairment in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease often times require medication management to prevent forgetfulness due to the diversity of medication involved in the treatment. Traditional interventions to mitigate non-adherence to medication have been largely unsuccessful. However, the programmability and intelligibility of modern electronic systems and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be exploited to solve this problem. In this paper, we designed and developed an intelligent assistive mHealth system to facilitate medication adherence in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This system achieve medication adherence by creating an audiovisual alert for the user with ‘memory loss’ disability to take the right doses of medication at required frequency. The drug prescriptions are keyed in by the physician and the medication schedule is stored in the non-volatile memory of the system. At the set time, the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) unit shows the drug to be taken in the right dosage. The buzzer in the electronic device provides a sound effect to get the attention of the patient. In any case of non-adherence, the system automatically sends a text message to the physician via SMS using the integrated GSM modem and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) in the system. This system can be miniaturized into a wearable device for optimal performanc

Development of a Heart Rate Variability Measurement System using Embedded Electronics

Recent advances in embedded electronics have a remarkable influence on the health care system. One of the most important applications is to monitor the health care of the patients at anytime and anyplace. In the last two decades, many researchers have focused mainly on heart rate variability (HRV) measurements. Patient\u27s heart rate variability should be continuously monitored to help them in case of emergency. Under these circumstances, patients are required to have a HRV measuring kit for a constant observation. The proposed project focuses on the development of a heart rate variability measurement system with the use of embedded electronics. This project consists of two systems: transmitter and a receiver side system. The transmitter section composed of sensor, amplifier, processing unit, and display unit, and transmitter module. The sensors, which are pasted on the body, are used to sense the electrical activity of the heart. These electric signals are given to an amplification unit. This amplification unit is designed with IC ADS1293 to amplify and filter the signals, and also reduce the noise. The output of the amplifier is given to the processing unit. Here, the microcontroller is programmed to process the input signal, and calculate the heart rate. The output of the microcontroller is transmitted to the display unit. The display unit shows the current value of the heart rate. The continuous measurement of heart rate variability is done in the transmitter side system. In case of abnormalities, a GSM module is used to transmit the heart rate alert, which has been processed by the control unit, to the user\u27s mobile phone and GSM receiver modem. In the receiver system, GSM receiver modem receives the data and processed with Visual Basic program to display, and, in the mobile phone, data is received and displayed as a text message. This kind of health monitoring system can offer flexibility and cost saving options to both health care professionals and patients

Southwest Research Institute assistance to NASA in biomedical areas of the technology utilization program Final report, 1 Feb. 1969 - 24 Aug. 1970

Research progress in technology transfer by NASA Biomedical Application Tea

Comparison of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Minority and Non-minority Children with Asthma

Objective—Determine if secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) is related to asthma-related functional morbidity by examining racial/ethnic differences in Non-Latino White (NLW), African American, and Latino families and whether racial/ethnic SHSE differences across families persist when accounting for smoking factors. Methods—Participants were 305 caregiver smokers of children with asthma. Two passive dosimeters measured SHS: one in the home and one worn by the child. Results—Higher SHSE was related to greater asthma-related functional morbidity. African Americans had higher levels of home SHSE than Latinos (p = .003) or NLWs (p = .021). SHSE as assessed by the child worn dosimeter did not differ across race/ethnicity. African American families were less likely to report a household smoking ban (46.4%) compared to Latinos (79.2%) and NLWs (67.9%; p \u3c .05). African Americans were less likely to report having two or more smokers in the home (37.2%) compared to NLWs (53.6%; p \u3c .05). NLWs reported the highest number of cigarettes smoked daily (Mdn = 15.00) compared to Latinos (Mdn = 10.00; p = .001) and African Americans (Mdn = 10.00; p \u3c .001). SHS home exposure levels were regressed on race/ethnicity and relevant covariates. Household smoking ban (p \u3c .001) and only one smoker in the home (p = .005) were associated with lower levels of SHS in the home; race/ethnicity was not significant. Conclusions—Differences in SHSE across race/ethnicity exist among children with asthma, possibly due to differential presence of a household smoking ban and number of smokers in the home

The relationships of instructional methodologies and anxiety levels in family members of cardiac care patients

The emergence of health education as an important area for research has received minimal attention. This study was conducted to ascertain the effects that two methods of instruction had on the anxiety scores of family members of patients hospitalized in the cardiac care units at Fort Sanders Regional Medical Center in Knoxville, Tennessee. Experimental subjects were assigned to three groups determined by the date of the admission of the patient to the hospital. The treatment was a family health education program specific to the cardiac care units. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI (Form Y) was used to posttest the family members. Posttest scores were tested in a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each group. In order to identify any major intervening variables affecting anxiety posttest scores, multiple regression analysis was applied. The variables of age, sex, relationship to patient, educational level, occupation and state anxiety scores were correlated. It was concluded that the stress levels of family members of cardiac care unit patients are not significantly affected by the method of instruction used in health education programs. However, intervening variables are likely to be significantly related to anxiety scores. Females demonstrated significantly higher state anxiety scores than males in the same crisis situation. Young females with low education levels exhibit high levels of stress and require additional assistance until the crisis no longer threatens the family support system. Recommendations were that future studies be conducted to determine the needs specific to females visiting family members of acutely hospitalized patients

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 197, September 1979

This bibliography lists 193 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in August 1979

A critical review of the life sciences project management at Ames Research Center for the Spacelab Mission development test 3

A management study was initiated by ARC (Ames Research Center) to specify Spacelab Mission Development Test 3 activities and problems. This report documents the problems encountered and provides conclusions and recommendations to project management for current and future ARC life sciences projects. An executive summary of the conclusions and recommendations is provided. The report also addresses broader issues relevant to the conduct of future scientific missions under the constraints imposed by the space environment

Critical review of Ames Life Science participation in Spacelab Mission Development Test 3: The SMD 3 management study

A management study was conducted to specify activities and problems encountered during the development of procedures for documentation and crew training on experiments, as well as during the design, integration, and delivery of a life sciences experiment payload to Johnson Space Center for a 7 day simulation of a Spacelab mission. Conclusions and recommendations to project management for current and future Ames' life sciences projects are included. Broader issues relevant to the conduct of future scientific missions under the constraints imposed by the environment of space are also addressed