Методичні вказівки з англійської мови

Дані методичні вказівки призначені для самостійної та аудиторної роботи студентів V курсу факультету економічних спеціальностей заочної форми навчання. Дотримання методичних вказівок сприяє оволодінню студентами необхідним граматичним, лексичним матеріалом з англійської мови та їх підготовці до заліків. Робота складається з контрольних завдань та підбору сучасних текстів з наукових видань за економічними спеціальностями, що дозволяє використовувати методичні вказівки також для повторення вивченого матеріалу та для самостійної роботи з текстами в аудиторії та вдома. Перед кожним контрольним завданням надається перелік граматичного матеріалу, який студенти мають вивчити самостійно перед тим, як виконувати контрольну роботу

Bringing Transportation into a Cap-and-Trade Regime

Abstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/).The U.S. may at some point adopt a national cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gases, and if and when that happens the system of CAFE regulation of vehicle design very likely could still be in place. Imposed independently these two systems can lead to economic waste. One way to avoid the inefficiency is to integrate the two systems by allowing emissions trading between them. Two possible approaches to potential linkage are explored here, along with a discussion of ways to guard against violation under such a trading regime of vehicle standards that may be justified by non-climate objectives. At a minimum, implementation of a U.S. cap-and-trade system is several years in the future, so we also suggest intermediate measures that would gain some of the advantages of an integrated system and smooth the way to ultimate interconnection.This study received funding from the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, which is supported by a consortium of government, industry and foundation sponsors

Household Income and Vehicle Fuel Economy in California

This white paper presents the findings from an analysis of the fiscal implications for vehicle owners of changing from the current statewide fuel tax to a “road user charge” (RUC) based on vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). Since 1923, California’s motor vehicle fuel tax has provided revenue used to plan, construct, and maintain the state’s publicly funded transportation systems. Over time, improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency and the effects of inflation have reduced both the revenue from the fuel tax and its purchasing power. Thus, there is growing interest among policy makers for replacing the state’s per-gallon fuel tax with an RUC based on VMT. This study analyzes the 2010-2011California Household Travel Survey (CHTS) to identify the potential effects this policy change would be likely to have on households across the state. The analysis found that while daily household fuel consumption and VMT both appear to increase with household income, urban and rural households show roughly the same amount of fuel consumption and VMT. No statistically significant difference in cost was found between the two programs in any income group. This suggests that an RUC designed to collect the same amount of revenues statewide as the current fuel tax would not place a significant financial burden on California households

Can Roanoke, Virginia, Become the Next Bilbao? Taubman Museum of Art

In November 2008, after a $68 million project to build a new museum building in Roanoke was complete, the Taubman Museum of Art reopened. The$15 million needed to fund the new building was still to be raised, and by the end of the 2008 fiscal year (FY) in July, $14.4 million had been borrowed. Before the move, the museum was provided with its space free of any rental, maintenance, security, custodial, and utility fees by a local operating foundation at its Center in the Square. After the move, the costs of staffing and maintaining the facility far exceeded estimates, while the revenues proved far below expectations. In the first year, the museum's operating budget before depreciation was$5.5 million. In fiscal year 2009, an additional $2.8 million had been borrowed and$945,000 paid in interest. This debt expense alone was larger than the entire pre-expansion operating budget. For the grand opening, the Taubman Museum had hired additional staff for a total of 52, but the financial pressure forced four rounds of layoffs, during which the staff was trimmed to 17. At the same time, the admission fee increased, from nothing before the project's beginning to $3 during the capital campaign to$10.50 after opening. Even after these drastic measures, the museum is still struggling, fighting for its very survival. Moreover, other arts organizations complained that the museum had become a drain into which cultural funds were being sucked from foundations and philanthropists in Roanoke Valley.Why did the Taubman Museum's fortunes change so drastically after its move? To what extent was the new building -- rather than the depressed economy -- to blame for the severity of its crisis? What measures during the planning process could have been taken to prevent this catastrophe

Casco Bay Weekly : 6 June 1991

https://digitalcommons.portlandlibrary.com/cbw_1991/1022/thumbnail.jp

Global Climate Change and the Risks to Coastal Areas from Hurricanes and Rising Sea Levels: The Costs of Doing Nothing

In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, attention has focused on a pair of threats to low-lying coastal areas. Scientists have begun a debate over the possible impact of global climate change on hurricane intensity. Some scientists take the position that recent increases in hurricane intensity in the North Atlantic are due, at least in part, to increases in sea surface temperatures caused by human-induced global climate change. Others believe that those increases are largely due to natural fluctuations in weather patterns such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. There is little debate over a second threat to coastal areas. The broad consensus of scientific opinion supports the conclusion that global climate change poses a significant risk of accelerated melting of polar ice sheets and glaciers, which in turn increases the risk of coastal flooding. This article surveys the scientific literature on the links between global climate change and the risks of increased hurricane intensity and coastal flooding. It concludes that the scientific evidence of such links is compelling and that environmental and energy policymakers should respond by taking steps to abate the activities - primarily the emission of greenhouse gases - that are known to contribute to global climate change. The article describes a series of policy initiatives that the federal government could take but has not yet taken to contribute to global efforts to abate climate change. It also describes longstanding national environmental and energy policies that exacerbate, rather than alleviate the adverse effects of global climate change on coastal areas. Recent economic studies demonstrate that a comparison of the costs and benefits of tackling global climate change and failing to do so strongly supports taking immediate steps to address climate change, rather than further deferring such a response. Finally, the article assesses the possible impact of Katrina on the public policy debate over global climate change, and in particular, it focuses on the effects of Katrina on public opinion in the U.S. on government policies relating to global climate change

Global Climate Change and the Risks to Coastal Areas from Hurricanes and Rising Sea Levels: The Costs of Doing Nothing

In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, attention has focused on a pair of threats to low-lying coastal areas. Scientists have begun a debate over the possible impact of global climate change on hurricane intensity. Some scientists take the position that recent increases in hurricane intensity in the North Atlantic are due, at least in part, to increases in sea surface temperatures caused by human-induced global climate change. Others believe that those increases are largely due to natural fluctuations in weather patterns such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. There is little debate over a second threat to coastal areas. The broad consensus of scientific opinion supports the conclusion that global climate change poses a significant risk of accelerated melting of polar ice sheets and glaciers, which in turn increases the risk of coastal flooding. This article surveys the scientific literature on the links between global climate change and the risks of increased hurricane intensity and coastal flooding. It concludes that the scientific evidence of such links is compelling and that environmental and energy policymakers should respond by taking steps to abate the activities - primarily the emission of greenhouse gases - that are known to contribute to global climate change. The article describes a series of policy initiatives that the federal government could take but has not yet taken to contribute to global efforts to abate climate change. It also describes longstanding national environmental and energy policies that exacerbate, rather than alleviate the adverse effects of global climate change on coastal areas. Recent economic studies demonstrate that a comparison of the costs and benefits of tackling global climate change and failing to do so strongly supports taking immediate steps to address climate change, rather than further deferring such a response. Finally, the article assesses the possible impact of Katrina on the public policy debate over global climate change, and in particular, it focuses on the effects of Katrina on public opinion in the U.S. on government policies relating to global climate change