Energy Management System For Three-Wheel Light Electric Vehicle Using Multi-Sources Energy Models

Hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, fuel-cell vehicles are just a few technologies that are being researched worldwide today. Applying renewable energy such as battery, fuel cell and super-capacitor in the electric vehicle is a smart and ideal solution. However, battery as a single-source in electric vehicle has many disadvantages such as limited travel distance and longer charging time. Besides, battery reduces its electrical characteristics through high current flow, high temperature, self-discharge and low battery capacity level. Fuel cell has low power response during sudden energy demand and requires an expensive infrastructure for refueling. In case of light fuel cell vehicle, small tank is practical for exchange tank. In super-capacitor side, it cannot support enough energy for a single powered electric vehicle purposes, however can be used as secondary power supply. Thus, an intelligent energy management system (EMS) of various sources is necessary to counterbalance the drawback of the sources. To solve the problem, the objective of the research is to develop an intelligent EMS which can conduct multi-sources for three wheel light electric vehicle (LEV). A rule-based control algorithm which contains eight states in EMS is designed to control power switches and to ensure sufficient energy is delivered to the load. The work of this research begins by electrical analysis in PSPICE simulation which focuses in circuit design and testing the state condition. A close loop vehicle system implemented with intelligent EMS is designed in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation model is simulated with a real three wheel scooter specification which has capacity of 5.4 kW DC machine. To show effectiveness of the developed vehicle system, the performance and efficiency of the vehicle simulation is compared with standard drive cycle such as ECE-47 and ECE-15. To justify the simulation model, a scaled-down lab test bench model is designed using dSPACE DS 1104. The LEV model with 18 W load power is implemented in the developed test bench prototype. As a result, the vehicle system specification for the lab test bench model is reduced accordingly to the ratio of load power. The power specifications of the multi-source models such as 30 W for fuel cell, 3 Ah for rechargeable sealed lead acid battery and 100F for super-capacitors have been used. An EMS hardware is designed to offer a bridge between MATLAB/Simulink and dSPACE DS 1104. In the EMS hardware design, the switching relay is used for selection of the sources and current transducers which are used for measuring load current and battery capacity. All input and output signals from the EMS hardware design are connected to the dSPACE DS 1104 for data presentation in graphical user interface. For the uphill simulation test, using ECE-47 drive cycle, multi-source energy models shows that the power effectiveness is 94.6% where as for the battery, as a single-source, it is 84.9%. The lab test bench model also proved that in extension of 33% of speed ECE-47 drive cycle, the energy efficiency of multi-source LEV is 80.2% which is better performance than that of combustion engine energy efficiency of 29.2%. Therefore, the system equipped with an intelligent control algorithm has promising potential in vehicle energy management applications for the future

Power Electronics Intensive Energy Management Solutions for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage Systems

Batteries, ultra capacitors (UCs), and fuel cells (FCs) are widely being proposed for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/PHEVs) as energy sources. The increasing popularity of EVs and PHEVs can be attributed to the savings in fuel costs, compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. EVs and PHEVs save energy due to the employment of reverse regenerating braking, during the deceleration cycle. This recuperated energy can be proficiently stored in batteries and/or ultra-capacitors. In general, the design of an intelligent control strategy for coordinated power distribution is a critical issue for ultra-capacitor supported PHEV energy storage systems. Implementation of several control methods have been presented in related literature, with the goal of improving battery life and overall vehicle efficiency. The control objectives vary with respect to vehicle velocity, power demand, and state-of-charge of both the batteries and ultra-capacitors. Hence, an optimal control strategy design is a critical aspect of an all-electric/plug-in hybrid electric vehicle operational characteristic. This thesis deals with the detailed analysis and novel hybrid controller design for bidirectional energy management solutions, using smart power electronic DC/DC converter solutions. More specifically, an intelligently designed novel digital control technique is presented for a 4-quadrant switched-capacitor Luo (4Q SC Luo) DC/DC converter. Features of voltage step-down, step-up, and bi-directional power flow are integrated into a single circuit. The novel control strategy enables simpler dynamics, compared to a standard buck converter with input filter, superior regulation capability, lower source current ripple, ease of control, and continuous input current waveform in buck and boost modes of operation. Furthermore, the proposed novel control strategy depicts high converter power density, high efficiency, and simple structure

Intelligent Control Algorithm for Energy Management System of Light Electric Vehicles

A state-based logic control algorithm was developed to coordinate a multi-source energy management system (EMS) for light electric vehicles (LEVs), such as scooters. This work was undertaken in view of the increasing importance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in many rapidly developing Asian countries. The multiple energy sources in this investigation were batteries, fuel cells (FC) and super-capacitors (SCs). Since each resource has its own advantages and disadvantages, a combination of the resources provides a more reliable and powerful energy model for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV).An algorithm was developed to manage the switching of the multiple energy resources efficiently. The performance of the proposed model in terms of vehicle acceleration and load power was measured against the ECE-47 test drive cycle. The sources of energy changeover were examined at 50% of thebattery state of charge (SOC) or under heavy load conditions. The results showed a close match of the model to the test cycle under both normal and heavy load cycle conditions. The feasibility of the proposed intelligent controlling algorithm for the EMSof light electric vehicles was thus verified. This study could contribute huge benefit to the manufacturers and research institutions involved in lightelectric vehicle

Urban and extra-urban hybrid vehicles: a technological review

Pollution derived from transportation systems is a worldwide, timelier issue than ever. The abatement actions of harmful substances in the air are on the agenda and they are necessary today to safeguard our welfare and that of the planet. Environmental pollution in large cities is approximately 20% due to the transportation system. In addition, private traffic contributes greatly to city pollution. Further, “vehicle operating life” is most often exceeded and vehicle emissions do not comply with European antipollution standards. It becomes mandatory to find a solution that respects the environment and, realize an appropriate transportation service to the customers. New technologies related to hybrid –electric engines are making great strides in reducing emissions, and the funds allocated by public authorities should be addressed. In addition, the use (implementation) of new technologies is also convenient from an economic point of view. In fact, by implementing the use of hybrid vehicles, fuel consumption can be reduced. The different hybrid configurations presented refer to such a series architecture, developed by the researchers and Research and Development groups. Regarding energy flows, different strategy logic or vehicle management units have been illustrated. Various configurations and vehicles were studied by simulating different driving cycles, both European approval and homologation and customer ones (typically municipal and university). The simulations have provided guidance on the optimal proposed configuration and information on the component to be used

Technological Solutions for Energy Security and Sustainability

This paper addresses the question: how can we minimize the expected time between now and the time when we achieve three measures of sustainability and security together -- independence from oil in cars and trucks, very deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and deep reductions in natural gas for electricity? Specific new technologies and metrics for progress are discussed, in context, linked to new information from IEEE, NSF, the State of the Future project and other sources

Electric road vehicles - overview, concepts and research at Reutlingen university

The paper details the architecture of fully electrified vehicles as well as their new electronic systems. Examples of up-to-date electrical passenger cars are given. A very important question, that is the environmental foot-print of electrical vehicles compared to conventional ones, is examined. A research project is introduced where a fleet of two-wheeled vehicles is available for day-to-day use. Research on vehicles, software for fleet management and battery range prediction is described.В данной статье привeдены подробные сведения о принципе работы электрифицированных транспортных средств, а также описаны их новые электрические системы. Показан примеры уже существующих электрических пассажирских транспортных средств. Рассмотрено влияние электрифицированного транспорта на окружающую среду в сравнении с обычными видами транспорта. Приведен проект исследований, в рамках которого для ежедневного использования существует парк двух колесных электрифицированных транспортных средств. Описаны исследования, непосредственно связанные с электрифицированным транспортом, определением точного времени разряда батареи, а также программным обеспечением, позволяющим управлять парком таких транспортных средств.У статті наведено докладні відомості щодо принципів роботи електрифікованих транспортних засобів, а також описано їх нові електричні системи. Показано приклади вже існуючих електричних пасажирських транспортних засобів. Розглянуто вплив електрифікованого транспорту на навколишнє середовище у порівнянні із звичайними видами транспорту. На- ведено проект досліджень, у рамках якого існує парк двоколісних електрифікованих транспортних засобів для щоденного використання. Описано дослідження, безпосередньо пов'язані із електрифікованим транспортом, визначенням точного часу розряду батареї, а також програмним забезпеченням, що дозволяє керувати парком таких транспортних засобів