Desafios éticos em tradução automática

A proeminência das tecnologias tem-se intensificado ao longo das últimas décadas, fruto da crescente globalização. Em contexto profissional, tarefas que outrora se revelavam difíceis são hoje facilitadas pela utilização de diversos tipos de tecnologias, servindo de complemento ao trabalho do ser humano. O ramo da tradução não é exceção e, consequentemente, surgem questões éticas quanto ao papel do tradutor num contexto cada vez mais automatizado. Este projeto tem por objetivo fazer um levantamento dos dilemas éticos associados à tradução automática (TA) que poderão afetar o tradutor e o seu trabalho, pretendendo contribuir para um enriquecimento da discussão em torno deste tema. Adicionalmente, tem o intuito de relembrar a importância da preservação da imagem do tradutor, bem como a necessidade de abordar ética em tradução com cautela e responsabilidade, à medida que a tecnologia evolui. A componente prática deste projeto baseia-se num inquérito, recorrendo a dois questionários, dirigidos a estudantes de tradução e a tradutores, com o objetivo de recolher dados que permitam conhecer as perspetivas e experiências destes indivíduos com a TA e respetivas implicações éticas, de forma a contribuir para um conhecimento da realidade. Entre outras conclusões, a análise das respostas demonstrou que os indivíduos mais experientes na área da tradução têm tendência a ser mais decisivos e a estabelecer prioridades no que toca a questões éticas em TA, o que levanta a questão: será altura de uma nova abordagem e estratégia quanto à TA?The prominence of technology has been intensified throughout the last decades, due to an increasingly globalized world. In a professional setting, tasks that once revealed themselves to be difficult are now being made easy through the use of diverse types of technology, which serve as a complement to human labour. The field of translation is no exception, and thus consequent ethical dilemmas arise concerning the role of the translator in a progressively automated context. The goal of this project is to map out ethical dilemmas associated with machine translation (MT) that may impact the translator and their work, together with contributing to enriching the discussion surrounding this subject. Moreover, it intends to set a reminder for the importance of the preservation of the translator’s image as well as for the necessity of a cautious and responsible approach to ethics within translation as technology evolves. The practical component of this project is based on a survey, relying on two questionnaires, aimed at translation students and translators. Its goal is to collect data that allows for an investigation of the perspectives and experiences of these individuals pertaining to MT and corresponding ethical implications, as a way to gather knowledge on reality. Among other conclusions, the analysis of the results mainly demonstrates that the individuals who are more experienced in the field of translation have a tendency to be more decisive and to better establish priorities regarding ethical issues in MT, which begs the question: is it time for a new approach and strategy concerning MT?Mestrado em Tradução Especializad

Multi-modal post-editing of machine translation

As MT quality continues to improve, more and more translators switch from traditional translation from scratch to PE of MT output, which has been shown to save time and reduce errors. Instead of mainly generating text, translators are now asked to correct errors within otherwise helpful translation proposals, where repetitive MT errors make the process tiresome, while hard-to-spot errors make PE a cognitively demanding activity. Our contribution is three-fold: first, we explore whether interaction modalities other than mouse and keyboard could well support PE by creating and testing the MMPE translation environment. MMPE allows translators to cross out or hand-write text, drag and drop words for reordering, use spoken commands or hand gestures to manipulate text, or to combine any of these input modalities. Second, our interviews revealed that translators see value in automatically receiving additional translation support when a high CL is detected during PE. We therefore developed a sensor framework using a wide range of physiological and behavioral data to estimate perceived CL and tested it in three studies, showing that multi-modal, eye, heart, and skin measures can be used to make translation environments cognition-aware. Third, we present two multi-encoder Transformer architectures for APE and discuss how these can adapt MT output to a domain and thereby avoid correcting repetitive MT errors.Angesichts der stetig steigenden Qualität maschineller Übersetzungssysteme (MÜ) post-editieren (PE) immer mehr Übersetzer die MÜ-Ausgabe, was im Vergleich zur herkömmlichen Übersetzung Zeit spart und Fehler reduziert. Anstatt primär Text zu generieren, müssen Übersetzer nun Fehler in ansonsten hilfreichen Übersetzungsvorschlägen korrigieren. Dennoch bleibt die Arbeit durch wiederkehrende MÜ-Fehler mühsam und schwer zu erkennende Fehler fordern die Übersetzer kognitiv. Wir tragen auf drei Ebenen zur Verbesserung des PE bei: Erstens untersuchen wir, ob andere Interaktionsmodalitäten als Maus und Tastatur das PE unterstützen können, indem wir die Übersetzungsumgebung MMPE entwickeln und testen. MMPE ermöglicht es, Text handschriftlich, per Sprache oder über Handgesten zu verändern, Wörter per Drag & Drop neu anzuordnen oder all diese Eingabemodalitäten zu kombinieren. Zweitens stellen wir ein Sensor-Framework vor, das eine Vielzahl physiologischer und verhaltensbezogener Messwerte verwendet, um die kognitive Last (KL) abzuschätzen. In drei Studien konnten wir zeigen, dass multimodale Messung von Augen-, Herz- und Hautmerkmalen verwendet werden kann, um Übersetzungsumgebungen an die KL der Übersetzer anzupassen. Drittens stellen wir zwei Multi-Encoder-Transformer-Architekturen für das automatische Post-Editieren (APE) vor und erörtern, wie diese die MÜ-Ausgabe an eine Domäne anpassen und dadurch die Korrektur von sich wiederholenden MÜ-Fehlern vermeiden können.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Projekt MMP