Information transmittal, principle of relativity and mass–energy relation

AbstractRelativistic transformations and their application to electrodynamics of a weakly accelerated electron considered in [A. Einstein, Zur Elektrodynamik der bewegter Körper, Annalen der Physik, 17 (1905) 891–921] are further analyzed in their relation to the principle of relativity, the concept of mass, and the mass–energy equation. Alternative consideration in dynamics of weakly accelerated electrons demonstrates that the factors in longitudinal μβ3 and transverse μβ2 masses of an electron with the mass μ at rest naturally appear in observed accelerations as a result of relativistic transformations, without any deviation from the principle of relativity and the second Newton’s law of motion. As concerns the special relativity in accelerated motion, this allows us to retain the concept of mass as scalar characteristic of an accelerated body. It is argued that “the principle of equivalence of the mass and energy of rest” (Einstein) depends on the speed of the information transmitting signal by which the observation (measurement) is made (synchronization of clocks is achieved), so that relativistic equation E=mc2 appears as an image phenomenon which essentially depends on the propagation of light as a measuring signal and on its speed V=c as the critical parameter of Einstein’s relativistic transformations. It is demonstrated that the spherical waves considered by Einstein are distorted in real time, and the fundamental Lorentz invariant is not crisp, but presents a soft interval whose diameter is in the range of 30,000 km for time delays of 0.1 s in transmission of information. The results open new avenues for further research in the theory of relativity and its applications

Quantum Scattering Process and Information Transfer Out of a Black Hole

We calculate the probability amplitude for tree-level elastic electronmuon scattering in Minkowski spacetime with carefully prepared initial and final wave packets. The obtained nonzero amplitude implies a nonvanishing probability for detecting a recoil electron outside the light cone of the initial muon. Transposing this Minkowski-spacetime scattering result to a near-horizon spacetime region of a massive Schwarzschild black hole and referring to a previously proposed Gedankenexperiment, we conclude that, in principle, it is possible to have information transfer from inside the black-hole horizon to outside

Entanglement creation between two causally-disconnected objects

We study the full entanglement dynamics of two uniformly accelerated Unruh-DeWitt detectors with no direct interaction in between but each coupled to a common quantum field and moving back-to-back in the field vacuum. For two detectors initially prepared in a separable state our exact results show that quantum entanglement between the detectors can be created by the quantum field under some specific circumstances, though each detector never enters the other's light cone in this setup. In the weak coupling limit, this entanglement creation can occur only if the initial moment is placed early enough and the proper acceleration of the detectors is not too large or too small compared to the natural frequency of the detectors. Once entanglement is created it lasts only a finite duration, and always disappears at late times. Prior result by Reznik derived using the time-dependent perturbation theory with extended integration domain is shown to be a limiting case of our exact solutions at some specific moment. In the strong coupling and high acceleration regime, vacuum fluctuations experienced by each detector locally always dominate over the cross correlations between the detectors, so entanglement between the detectors will never be generated.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures; added Ref.[7] and related discussion

Relativistic effects on satellite navigation

Osnovna znanja o relativističkim utjecajima na satelitsku navigaciju objašnjena su usporedbom glavnih karakteristika Newtonovog i relativističkog prostora vremena te kratkim uvodom u metriku gravitacijskog polja. Post-Newtonova teorija relativnosti objašnjena je kao osnova pri numeričkoj obradi relativističkih utjecaja u području satelitske navigacije. Vrijeme, kao vrlo važan parametar u relativističkoj satelitskoj navigaciji, objašnjeno je kroz koordinatno i vlastito vrijeme te kroz terestičko vrijeme i problem sinkronizacije satova. Opisani su relativistički utjecaji: na kašnjenje vremena, na razliku vremena zbog različitosti gravitacijskog polja, na frekvenciju, na širenje satelitskog signala te zbog rotacije Zemlje, zbog ekscentričnosti putanje satelita i zbog ubrzanja satelita prema teoriji relativnosti. Dan je pregled relativističkih utjecaja na GPS, GLONASS, Galileo i BeiDou satelitske sustave.The base of knowledge of relativistic effects on satellite navigation is presented through comparison of the main characteristics of the Newtonian and the relativistic space time and by a short introduction of metric of a gravity field. Post-Newtonian theory of relativity is presented as a background in numerical treating of satellite navigation relativistic effects. Time as a crucial parameter in relativistic satellite navigation is introduced through coordinate and proper time as well as terrestrial time and clocks synchronization problem. Described are relativistic effects: on time dilation, on time differences because of the gravity field, on frequency, on path range effects, caused by the Earth rotation, due to the orbit eccentricity and because of the acceleration of the satellite in the theory of relativity. Overviews of treatment of relativistic effects on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou satellite systems are given

Relativistic effects on satellite navigation

Osnovna znanja o relativističkim utjecajima na satelitsku navigaciju objašnjena su usporedbom glavnih karakteristika Newtonovog i relativističkog prostora vremena te kratkim uvodom u metriku gravitacijskog polja. Post-Newtonova teorija relativnosti objašnjena je kao osnova pri numeričkoj obradi relativističkih utjecaja u području satelitske navigacije. Vrijeme, kao vrlo važan parametar u relativističkoj satelitskoj navigaciji, objašnjeno je kroz koordinatno i vlastito vrijeme te kroz terestičko vrijeme i problem sinkronizacije satova. Opisani su relativistički utjecaji: na kašnjenje vremena, na razliku vremena zbog različitosti gravitacijskog polja, na frekvenciju, na širenje satelitskog signala te zbog rotacije Zemlje, zbog ekscentričnosti putanje satelita i zbog ubrzanja satelita prema teoriji relativnosti. Dan je pregled relativističkih utjecaja na GPS, GLONASS, Galileo i BeiDou satelitske sustave.The base of knowledge of relativistic effects on satellite navigation is presented through comparison of the main characteristics of the Newtonian and the relativistic space time and by a short introduction of metric of a gravity field. Post-Newtonian theory of relativity is presented as a background in numerical treating of satellite navigation relativistic effects. Time as a crucial parameter in relativistic satellite navigation is introduced through coordinate and proper time as well as terrestrial time and clocks synchronization problem. Described are relativistic effects: on time dilation, on time differences because of the gravity field, on frequency, on path range effects, caused by the Earth rotation, due to the orbit eccentricity and because of the acceleration of the satellite in the theory of relativity. Overviews of treatment of relativistic effects on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou satellite systems are given

Logic, mathematics, physics: from a loose thread to the close link: Or what gravity is for both logic and mathematics rather than only for physics

Gravitation is interpreted to be an “ontomathematical” force or interaction rather than an only physical one. That approach restores Newton’s original design of universal gravitation in the framework of “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, which allows for Einstein’s special and general relativity to be also reinterpreted ontomathematically. The entanglement theory of quantum gravitation is inherently involved also ontomathematically by virtue of the consideration of the qubit Hilbert space after entanglement as the Fourier counterpart of pseudo-Riemannian space. Gravitation can be also interpreted as purely mathematical or logical “force” or “interaction” as a corollary from its ontomathematical (rather than physical) realization. The ontomathematical approach to gravitation is implicit in general relativity equating it to operators in pseudo-Riemannian space obeying the Einstein field equation and also well-known by the “geometrization of physics”. Quantum mechanics shares the same by the separable complex Hilbert space and defining “physical quantity” by the Hermitian operators on it. One can interpret special Minkowski space involved by special relativity and the qubit Hilbert space of quantum information as Fourier counterparts immediately noticing that general relativity means gravitation as the Fourier counterpart of non-Hermitian operators implying non-unitarity and the violation of energy conservation and thus destroying Pauli’s particle paradigm. Since the Standard model obeys it, this explains the impossibility of “quantum gravitation” in any framework conservatively generalizing the Standard model so that it would include gravitation along with electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions. Einstein’s geometrization of gravitation can be continued into a purely mathematical theory of it following Euclid’s realization for geometry to be exhaustively built in a deductive and axiomatic way as well as Riemann’s parametrization of all the class of Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries by “space curvature”, then being generalized to Minkowski space as the operators on pseudo-Riemannian space as the Einstein field equation means gravitation. The transition from mathematical gravitation to logical one can rely on the historical lesson of the pair of Lobachevski’s and Riemann’s approaches now “reversely”, i.e., from the latter to the former. Logical gravitation is linkable to Hegel’s dialectical logic and ontological dialectics abandoning their interpretations as a new zero logic substituting classical propionyl logic. The approach of ontomathematics generalizing that of ontology, traceable even to Aristotle’s reformation of Plato’s doctrine, needs Hegel’s doctrine to be formalized as a first-order logic naturally containing Boolean algebra, isomorphic to both classical propositional logic and set theory being the class of all first-order logics, as a sub-logic along with Peano arithmetic as another sub-logic. The first-order logic at issue is called Hilbert arithmetic and elaborated in detail in other papers. It allows for both self-foundation of mathematics to be internally proved as complete and furthermore, quantum mechanics reinterpreted as quantum information to be included by the qubit Hilbert space interpretable in turn as a dual and physical counterpart of Hilbert arithmetic in a narrow sense, that is, both counterparts constitute Hilbert arithmetic in a wide sense, being mathematical and physical simultaneously and thus overcoming the Cartesian dualism of “body” gapped from “mind” by an abyss. Then, the proper philosophical interpretation of gravitation to be the fundamental ontomathematical force or interaction overcomes the ridiculous belief of the Big Bang wrongly alleged to be a scientific theory. Ontomathematical gravitation suggests an omnipresent and omnitemporal medium of “God’s” creation “ex nihilo” following only the natural necessity of quantum-information conservation particularly and locally manifested as energy conservation

A Comparative Study on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Patent Law in the United States, the European Patent Organization, and China

With the recent developments in biotechnology, associated patent law issues have been a growing concern since the 1980s. Among all the subcategories within the general field of biotechnology, human embryonic stem cell research, as one of the most controversial, is receiving different patent system treatment in different countries. China explicitly opposes the patentability of hESCs in its patent regulations on the basis that patenting hESCs is contrary to morality and the public interest. Similarly, the EPO, relying on ambiguous language in the European Patent Convention [EPC], excludes hESCs from patentability by broadly interpreting the morality clause of the EPC. In contrast, the United States has become the main progenitor of hESC patents. By analyzing the reasons to grant or deny patents on hESCs, and considering patent law doctrines and justifications, this dissertation reaches two conclusions. First, patent law should not include a morality clause and should only take into consideration technical concerns. Moral issues should be left to other mechanisms such as administrative law. This is an approach deeply rooted in the American patent system, but not in China or the EPO. Second, by reviewing the requirements of patentability such as novelty, non-obviousness and utility, it can be concluded that hESCs themselves are not patentable because they lack a specific concrete utility and, since they already exist in nature, they lack novelty as well. However, hESC production processes and derivative products are patentable