6 research outputs found

    Sociomatérialité et SystÚmes d'Information Le cas de la numérisation de l'Aviation LégÚre de l'Armée de Terre

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    Since the beginning of the 21st century, the French Army Light Aviation (ALAT) has been concerned with the process of digitalization of the battlefield. In the meantime, only very few scholars had addressed this issue although the consequences of such studies could lead to a paradigm shift in the aerocombat. This Ph.D. thesis aims to outline a series of new outcomes in terms of evolutions of the Information System understood from the perspective of emerging uses developed by the ALAT pilots dealing with Helicopter Mission Planning. This research studies the emerging uses apprehended as “bricolages” in Ciborra’s sense and in the sociomateriality theoretical framework. However, the operationalization of the results is subject to the epistemological framework of critical realism, on the one hand, and to the implementation of new methods in terms of experience feedbacks (Lessons Learned), on the other hand.L’Aviation LĂ©gĂšre de l’ArmĂ©e de Terre (ALAT) s’est engagĂ©e depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000 dans la NumĂ©risation de l’Espace de Bataille. Peu de travaux acadĂ©miques ont abordĂ© ce thĂšme alors que ses implications pourraient mener Ă  un changement de paradigme dans l’aĂ©rocombat. L’objet de cette thĂšse est de mettre en Ă©vidence de nouvelles possibilitĂ©s d’évolutions du SystĂšme d’Information par la prise en compte des usages Ă©mergents dĂ©veloppĂ©s par les pilotes de l’ALAT au contact du Module de PrĂ©paration de Mission des Équipages. Notre recherche Ă©tudie ces usages Ă©mergents, compris comme des bricolages au sens de Ciborra, par le prisme thĂ©orique de la sociomatĂ©rialitĂ©. Nous dĂ©montrons toutefois que son opĂ©rationnalisation est subordonnĂ©e d’une part au cadre Ă©pistĂ©mologique du RĂ©alisme Critique et d’autre part Ă  la mise en place d’une nouvelle mĂ©thode de Retour d’ExpĂ©rience

    “Together we stand, divided we fall”: Constructivist Approach to Support Organizational Change in the Knowledge Work Context

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    Contemporary organizations have a relation to information systems and information technologies (IS/IT). IS/IT sometimes forms the backbone of the operation or it may have a support function. Simultaneously this means that at some point the systems must be updated and renewed. The renewal brings along changes. Always. The disturbance and disruption caused by the change manifests itself in different ways in different parts of the organization. It is an individual trait, how an employee responds to change, and yet changes need to be managed on organizational levels too. The management of the change is important to secure the implementation of the change and to enable the swift recovery from the change so that the prospective benefits may start to realize.Literature distinguishes levels to be noted in managing organizations operation: organizational, team, and individual levels. Similarly, the literature on change offers multiple types of change to be considered. The features distinguishing the different types of change comprise e.g. whether there is a clear, decided future solution to be (teleological change) or whether there is merely an unrefined state of the future to be (life cycle type of change). The meaning of the types of change for managing the change are elaborated in order to recognize the characteristic effects each change entails.IS/IT literature covers various topics in this vast field. Managing IS/IT related change seems a bit neglected, especially when it comes to managing the operation with individual human aspect considered. This thesis is about managing IS/IT-related change in team-based organization by using a constructivist approach. Constructivism is a theory related to learning. Constructivist approach entails the coach-like approach of presenting subordinates with a cognitive incongruity, a challenge that makes them wanting to solve the issue building on their existing knowledge. The challenge is tackled by applying new knowledge together with the existing with feedback from more knowledgeable peers. An important feature is that the employee in midst of the change is able to reflect on her/his actions and thus acknowledging the learning. There are few examples of it being applied to professional context. This thesis studies ultimately the intersection of the three mentioned areas; IS/IT, change and constructivism. It deepens the understanding of the relationship these themes have and illuminates the suitability of the constructivist approach to managing IS/IT-related change in various contexts.Seems that the IS/IT has its features of not being entirely about technologies nor the management being entirely about humans. An understanding of these features is required to address the issues in an orderly fashion. The organizational structure sometimes dictates the operation and culture, i. e. management. The daily routines of each member of the organization leaves little opportunities for individuals to be aware of the whole operation, save but the top management. Normally there is little need for this. This means that the ‘big picture’ that people have, varies. It is plausible to assume that each division, team, and individual observes the proceedings from their own perspective. However, the motivation of change usually stems from origins not familiar to all thus presenting the change with challenges. The thesis contributes to the increasing understanding of the phenomena related to IS/ITrelated change by studying multiple cases, changes.The research behind this thesis consists of seven major changes from six different organizations. People involved in the changes were interviewed to form the empirical material for the research. Semi-structured interviews were used to gain depth as well as quality. The objective was to understand the dynamics that are affecting and included in the process when the working practices in an organization change. The objective entails the will to illuminate the change and to gain understanding on how a change may be addressed with better expectations for the outcome. Further, to meet the objective it means that various aspects are to be recognized and acknowledged as being significant for the change to happen.Constructivist approach emerged as way to offer a solution on how to address such a change. The studied cases were contemplated through the ‘constructivist lens’ to study the phenomena and even though not intended to offer some nigh on normative suggestions on how to approach future issues of this kind.Kaikilla tĂ€mĂ€n pĂ€ivĂ€n organisaatioilla on tietotekniikkaa (IS/IT), toisinaan tietotekniikka on nĂ€iden organisaatioiden ydintoimintaa, toisinaan tietotekniikka on ’vain’ tukevassa roolissa. TĂ€mĂ€ tarkoittaa sitĂ€, ettĂ€ jossakin vaiheessa jĂ€rjestelmiĂ€ pitÀÀ pĂ€ivittÀÀ ja uusia. Uudistukset tuovat mukanaan muutoksen. Aina. Muutoksen mukanaan tuomat hĂ€iriöt ja keskeytykset nĂ€kyvĂ€t organisaatioissa eri tavoin. suhtautumisessa muutoksen on yksilökohtaisia eroja, tĂ€mĂ€n kanssa on hieman ristiriitaista, ettĂ€ muutosta kuitenkin johdetaan organisaatiotasolla. Muutoksen johtaminen on tĂ€rkeĂ€tĂ€, jotta muutos saadaan implementoitua ja nopea toipuminen muutoksesta mahdollistetaan, jotta muutoksen aiotut edut voivat alkaa realisoitua.Kirjallisuuden perusteella voidaan todeta eri tasoja, joilla organisaation toimintaa tulee johtaa: koko organisaatio, tiimitaso, yksilötaso. Samoin kirjallisuudessa tunnistetaan useampia muutoksen tyyppejĂ€. Muutoksen eri tyypit erottaa toisistaan esimerkiksi se, onko muutokselle ennakkoon pÀÀtetty jokin tietty ratkaisu (teleologinen muutos) vai onko muutoksen tarve tiedostettu ja tulevaan ratkaisuun suhtaudutaan avoimin silmin (life cycle -tyyppinen muutos). NĂ€iden eri muutostyyppien ominaisuuksia tarkastellaan, jotta saadaan kunkin tyypin luonteenomaiset piirteet ja vaatimukset selville.IS/IT-kirjallisuudessa kĂ€sitellÀÀn useita teemoja tĂ€stĂ€ laajasta kentĂ€stĂ€. Muutos, joka liittyy IS/ITympĂ€ristöön vaikuttaa jÀÀneen hieman paitsioon. Erityisesti sellainen lĂ€hestyminen, jossa myös yksittĂ€isen henkilön nĂ€kökulma tulee huomioitua. TĂ€ssĂ€ vĂ€itöskirjassa kĂ€sitellÀÀn IS/IT-liitĂ€nnĂ€isen muutoksen johtamista tiimipohjaisessa organisaatiossa konstruktivistista lĂ€hestymistapaa kĂ€yttĂ€en. Konstruktivismi on teoria oppimiseen. Konstruktivistinen lĂ€hestymistapa tarkoittaa valmentajamaista lĂ€hestymistapaa, jossa muutokseen liittyvĂ€ kognitiivinen haaste esitellÀÀn johdettaville siten, ettĂ€ heissĂ€ on sisĂ€syntyinen halu vastata haasteeseen olemassa olevan tietĂ€myksensĂ€ pohjalta. Haasteeseen vastataan yhdistelemĂ€llĂ€ uutta tietĂ€mystĂ€ olemassa olevaan saaden samalla jatkuvaa palautetta toiminnan etenemisestĂ€ kokeneemmilta kollegoilta. TĂ€rkeĂ€tĂ€ on myös se, ettĂ€ muutoksessa toimiva henkilö voi reflektoida toimintaansa ja siten tunnistaa oppimisen. On esimerkkejĂ€ tĂ€mĂ€n lĂ€hestymistavan soveltamisesta organisaatiokonteksissa. TĂ€ssĂ€ vĂ€itöskirjassa selvitetÀÀn kolmen esitellyn alueen leikkauskohtaa: IS/IT, muutos ja konstruktivismi. NĂ€iden osien vĂ€listen suhteiden ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ syvennetÀÀn sekĂ€ annetaan lisĂ€valaistusta konstruktivistisen lĂ€hestymistavan soveltuvuudelle muutostilanteiden hallintaan erilaisissa konteksteissa.IS/IT toimintana ei kĂ€sittele ainoastaan teknisiĂ€ asioita eikĂ€ sen johtamisessakaan ole kysymys ainoastaan inhimillisistĂ€ tekijöistĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€n kokonaisuuden ymmĂ€rtĂ€minen on vĂ€lttĂ€mĂ€töntĂ€, jotta tĂ€tĂ€ teemaa voidaan lĂ€hestyĂ€. Organisaation rakenne sanelee joskus toiminnan ja sen johtamisen, kulttuurin. Organisaation pĂ€ivittĂ€iset rutiinit mahdollistavat vain harvoin jĂ€sentensĂ€ olla selvillĂ€ kokonaiskuvasta, paitsi ylimmĂ€n johdon. YleensĂ€ tĂ€hĂ€n ei juuri ole tarvettakaan. tĂ€mĂ€ tarkoittaa samalla sitĂ€, ettĂ€ kuva joka ihmisillĂ€ on toiminnasta, vaihtelee. On uskottavaa, ettĂ€ jokainen osasto, tiimi ja yksilö, tarkastelee toimintaa omasta nĂ€kökulmastaan. Kuitenkin muutos ja sen tarve lĂ€htee usein jostakin muualta, joka puolestaan tekee muutoksen lĂ€piviennistĂ€ haasteellista. TĂ€mĂ€n vĂ€itöskirjan antia on lisĂ€tĂ€ ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ IS/IT-liitĂ€nnĂ€isestĂ€ muutoksesta tutkimalla useita sellaisia muutostilanteita.Taustalla oleva tutkimustyö kĂ€sittÀÀ seitsemĂ€n suurta muutosta kuudessa eri organisaatiossa. PÀÀasiallinen empiirinen materiaali on nĂ€issĂ€ muutostilanteissa mukana olleiden henkilöiden haastatteluja. Puolirakenteellisia haastatteluja kĂ€ytettiin, jotta varmistettiin materiaalin syvyys ja laatu koskien kutakin muutostapausta. Tavoitteena oli ymmĂ€rtÀÀ kunkin prosessin muutosdynamiikkaa ja muutokseen vaikuttavia tekijöitĂ€, kun työskentelytavat muuttuvat. Tavoitteessa on mukana myös halu selventÀÀ muutostilannetta ja ymmĂ€rtÀÀ, miten muutosta voisi lĂ€hestyĂ€, jotta lopputulos olisi paras mahdollinen. NĂ€in ollen tavoitteen saavuttaminen tarkoittaa, ettĂ€ muutokseen ja sen aikaansaamiseen vaikuttavat eri tekijĂ€t tunnistetaan ja tunnustetaan.Konstruktivistinen lĂ€hestymistapa nousi esiin ratkaisuna, joka voi sopia tĂ€llaiseen tarpeeseen. Tutkittuja muutostapauksia arvioitiin ’konstruktivistisen linssin’ kautta, jotta ilmiötĂ€ voitiin tutkia tarkoituksenmukaisesti. Vaikka nĂ€in ei alun perin ollut tarkoitus, työn yhteenvedossa otetaan lĂ€hes normatiivisesti kantaa miten kuvatun kaltaisia muutostilanteita voisi lĂ€hestyĂ€.<br/

    Deepening and broadening the critique of technology : an analysis of an ANT approach

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    This study contributes to critical studies of information systems (CRIS) by addressing two limitations: the generally weak theorisation of technology and the limited focus of critique. Technology is weakly theorised because it is mainly seen in instrumentalist and constructivist ways. It is argued that these understandings of the technological limit the focus of critique to human plans, intentions and relations. The study joins the quest for specificity about technology and while it does not only focus on what is inscribed into it, the study also looks at the effects of the technological actant. The ANT conception of technology as an actant in heterogeneous networks opens various new avenues for critique. It is argued that the processes of technologising play a central role in socio-technical networks and that they have certain effects which contribute to both change and stability. The technological could not be limited to the “purely” technical, but has effects on the typical human functions such as communication, cognition, morality and ends. Although it is acknowledged that the social and the technical are closely intertwined, critique could still focus on the role of the technical. The particular effects of technology in the heterogeneous networks are of central concern to the critical researcher who wants to contribute towards the morality of the processes through which heterogeneous networks are built. The study investigates in some depth the conceptions of technology and of critique in information studies. This is contrasted with similar investigations from an ANT perspective. Case studies were used and reinterpreted to show how such a critique of the socio-technical networks might be done. Conclusions are drawn about the nature and functioning of technology and of critique; of the role of actants in networks and of the role of the critical researcher and of critical theories. The study contributes towards a deepening and broadening of critique. The deepening of critique refers to the need for a critical function within the very processes of assembling and not as something that could only happen afterwards. The broadening of critique refers to the participation of all entities (human and nonhuman) in the processes of critique.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.Informaticsunrestricte
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