56 research outputs found
Generalized hybrid beamforming for vehicular connectivity using THz massive MIMO
Hybrid beamforming (HBF) array structure has been extensively demonstrated as the practically-feasible architecture for massive MIMO. From the perspectives of spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency (EE), cost and hardware complexity, HBF strikes a balanced performance tradeoff when compared to the fully-analog and the fully-digital implementations. Using the HBF architecture, it is possible to realize three different subarray structures, specifically the fully-connected, the sub-connected and the overlapped subarray structures. This paper presents a novel generalized framework for the design and performance analysis of the HBF architecture. A parameter, known as the subarray spacing, is introduced such that varying its value leads to the different subarray configurations and the consequent changes in system performance. Using a realistic power consumption model, we investigate the performance of the generalized HBF array structure in a cellular infrastructure-to-everything (C-I2X) application scenario (involving pedestrian and vehicular users) using the single-path terahertz (THz) channel model. Simulation results are provided for the comparative performance analysis of the different subarray structures. The results show that the overlapped subarray implementation maintains a balanced tradeoff in terms of SE, EE and hardware cost when compared to the popular fully-connected and the sub-connected structures. The overlapped subarray structure, therefore, offers promising potentials for the beyond-5G networks employing THz massive MIMO to deliver ultra-high data rates whilst maintaining a balance in the EE of the network
Hybrid multi-user equalizer for massive MIMO millimeter-wave dynamic subconnected architecture
This paper proposes a hybrid multi-user equalizer for the uplink of broadband millimeterwave massive multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) systems with dynamic subarray antennas. Hybrid
subconnected architectures are more suitable for practical applications since the number of required phase
shifters is lower than in fully connected architectures. We consider a set of only analog precoded users
transmitting to a base station and sharing the same radio resources. At the receiver end, the hybrid multi-user
equalizer is designed by minimizing the sum of the mean square error (MSE) of all subcarriers, considering
a two-step approach. In the first step, the digital part is iteratively computed as a function of the analog
part. It is considered that the digital equalizers are computed on a per subcarrier basis, while the analog
equalizer is constant over the subcarriers and the digital iterations due to hardware constraints. In the second
step, the analog equalizer with dynamic antenna mapping is derived to connect the best set of antennas to
each radio frequency (RF) chain. For each subset of antennas, one antenna and a quantized phase shifter are
selected at a time, taking into account all previously selected antennas. The results show that the proposed
hybrid dynamic two-step equalizer achieves a performance close to the fully connected counterpart, although
it is less complex in terms of hardware and signal processing requirements.publishe
Sustainable Radio Frequency Wireless Energy Transfer for Massive Internet of Things
Reliable energy supply remains a crucial challenge in the Internet of Things
(IoT). Although relying on batteries is cost-effective for a few devices, it is
neither a scalable nor a sustainable charging solution as the network grows
massive. Besides, current energy-saving technologies alone cannot cope, for
instance, with the vision of zero-energy devices and the deploy-and-forget
paradigm which can unlock a myriad of new use cases. In this context,
sustainable radio frequency wireless energy transfer emerges as an attractive
solution for efficiently charging the next generation of ultra low power IoT
devices. Herein, we highlight that sustainable charging is broader than
conventional green charging, as it focuses on balancing economy prosperity and
social equity in addition to environmental health. Moreover, we overview the
key enablers for realizing this vision and associated challenges. We discuss
the economic implications of powering energy transmitters with ambient energy
sources, and reveal insights on their optimal deployment. We highlight relevant
research challenges and candidate solutions.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, submitted to IEEE Internet of Things
Journa
A Simple Blass Matrix Design Strategy for Multibeam Arbitrary Linear Antenna Arrays
Multibeam antenna arrays are currently recognized as one of the enabling technologies for the next-generation communication standards. One of the key components of these systems is the beamforming network (BFN) that implements the array element excitations. This article addresses this issue by presenting a novel strategy to realize an analog feeding network, which allows an arbitrary linear array (LA) to radiate multiple arbitrary beams. In particular, an iterative procedure is conceived to design a Blass matrix using an identical directional coupler for all nodes, resulting in a very simple structure suitable for large-scale production. Two applications with arbitrary directions are illustrated as proofs-of-concept for the developed architecture: a dual-beam configuration with a null involving an aperiodic LA, and a four-beam configuration involving a periodic LA. For this second application, the effectiveness of the proposed solution is further verified by full-wave simulations and experimental measurements carried out on a fabricated prototype
Joint content placement and storage allocation based on federated learning in F-RANs
Funding: This work was supported in part by Innovation Project of the Common Key Technology of Chongqing Science and Technology Industry (cstc2018jcyjAX0383), the special fund of Chongqing key laboratory (CSTC), and the Funding of CQUPT (A2016-83, GJJY19-2-23, A2020-270).Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Modulation options for OFDM-based waveforms: classification, comparison, and future directions
This paper provides a comparative study on the performance of different modulation options
for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in terms of their spectral efficiency, reliability,
peak-to-average power ratio, power efficiency, out-of-band emission, and computational complexity. The
modulation candidates are classified into two main categories based on the signal plane dimension they
exploit. These categories are: 1) 2-D signal plane category including conventional OFDM with classical
fixed or adaptive QAM modulation and OFDM with differential modulation, where information is conveyed
in changes between two successive symbols in the same subcarrier or between two consecutive subcarriers in
the same OFDM symbol and 2) 3-D signal plane category encompassing: a) index-based OFDM modulation
schemes which include: i) spatial modulation OFDM, where information is sent by the indices of antennas
along with conventional modulated symbols and ii) OFDM with index modulation, where the subcarriers’
indices are used to send additional information; b) number-based OFDM modulation schemes which
include OFDM with subcarrier number modulation, in which number of subcarriers is exploited to convey
additional information; and c) shape-based OFDM modulation schemes which include OFDM with pulse
superposition modulation, where the shape of pulses is introduced as a third new dimension to convey
additional information. Based on the provided comparative study, the relationship and interaction between
these different modulation options and the requirements of future 5G networks are discussed and explained.
This paper is then concluded with some recommendations and future research directions.This work was supported in part by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), under Grant 215E316
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