4 research outputs found
Potential synergetic use of GNSS-R signals to improve the sea-state correction in the sea surface salinity estimation: Application to the SMOS mission
It is accepted that the best way to monitor sea surface
salinity (SSS) on a global basis is by means of L-band radiometry.
However, the measured sea surface brightness temperature
(TB) depends not only on the SSS but also on the sea surface
temperature (SST) and, more importantly, on the sea state, which
is usually parameterized in terms of the 10-m-height wind speed
(U10) or the significant wave height. It has been recently proposed
that the mean-square slope (mss) derived from global navigation
satellite system (GNSS) signals reflected by the sea surface could
be a potentially appropriate sea-state descriptor and could be used
to make the necessary sea state TB corrections to improve the
SSS estimates. This paper presents a preliminary error analysis of
the use of reflected GNSS signals for the sea roughness correction
and was performed to support the European Space Agency’s
Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission; the orbit and
parameters for the SMOS instrument were assumed. The accuracy
requirement for the retrieved SSS is 0.1 practical salinity units
after monthly averaging over 2◦ × 2◦ boxes. In this paper, potential
improvements in salinity estimation are hampered mainly
by the coarse sampling and by the requirements of the retrieval
algorithm, particularly the need for a semiempirical model that
relates TB and mss.Postprint (published version
New instrument concepts for ocean sensing: analysis of the PAU-radiometer
Sea surface salinity can be remotely measured by means of L-band microwave radiometry. However, the brightness temperature also depends on the sea surface temperature and on the sea state, which is probably today one of the driving factors in the salinity retrieval error budgets of the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission and the NASA-Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales Aquarius/SAC-D mission. This paper describes the Passive Advanced Unit (PAU) for ocean monitoring. PAU combines in a single instrument three different sensors: an L-band radiometer with digital beamforming (DBF) (PAU-RAD) to measure the brightness temperature of the sea at different incidence angles simultaneously, a global positioning system (GPS) reflectometer [PAU-reflectometer of Global Navigation Satellite Signals (GNSS-R)] also with DBF to measure the sea state from the delay-Doppler maps, and two infrared radiometers to provide sea surface temperature estimates. The key characteristic of this instrument is that both PAU-RAD and the PAU-GNSS/R share completely the RF/IF front-end, and analog-to-digital converters. Since in order to track the GPS-reflected signal, it is not possible to chop the antenna signal as in a Dicke radiometer, a new radiometer topology has been devised which makes uses of two receiving chains and a correlator, which has the additional advantage that both PAU-RAD and PAU-GNSS/R can be operated continuously and simultaneously to perform the sea-state corrections of the brightness temperature. This paper presents the main characteristics of the different PAU subsystems, and analyzes in detail the PAU-radiometer concept.Peer Reviewe