6 research outputs found

    USING SOCIALLY SENSED BIG DATA TO MODEL PATTERNS AND GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN CITIES

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    Understanding dynamic interactions between human activities and land-use structure in a city is a key lens to explore the city as a complex system. This dissertation contributes to understanding the complexity of urban dynamics by gaining knowledge of the interactions between human activities and city land-use structures by utilizing free-accessible socially sensed data sources, and building upon recent research trend and technologies in geographical information science, urban study, and computer science. This dissertation addresses three main questions related to human dynamics: 1) how human activities in an urban environment are shaped by socioeconomic status and the intra-city land-use structure, and how in turn, the knowledge of socioeconomic status-activity relationships can contribute to understanding the social landscape of a city; 2) how different types of activities are located in space and time in three U.S. cities and how the spatiotemporal activity patterns in these cities characterize the activity profile of different neighborhoods in the cities; and 3) how recent socially sensed information on human activities can be integrated with widely-used remotely sensed geographical data to create a novel approach for discovering patterns of land use in cities that are otherwise lacking in up to date land use information. This dissertation models the associations between socioeconomics and mobility in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area as a case study and applies the learned associations for inferring geographical patterns of socioeconomic status (SES) solely using the socially sensed data. This dissertation also implements a semi-automated workflow to retrieve activity details from socially sensed Twitter data in Washington, D.C., the City of Baltimore, and New York City. The dissertation integrates remotely-sensed imagery and socially sensed data to model the dynamics associated with changing land-use types in the Washington, D.C.-Baltimore metropolitan area over time

    Mapping urban linguistic diversity with social media and population register data

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    Globalization, urbanization and international mobility have led to increasingly diverse urban populations. Compared to traditional traits for measuring urban diversity, such as ethnicity and country of origin, the role of language remains underexplored in understanding diversity, interactions between different groups and socio-spatial segregation. In this article, we analyse language use in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area by combining individual-level register data, socio-economic grid database, mobile phone and social media data to understand spatio-temporal patterns of linguistic diversity better. We measured linguistic diversity using metrics developed in the fields of ecology and information theory, and performed spatial clustering and regression analyses to explore the spatio-temporal patterns of linguistic diversity. We found spatial and temporal differences between register and social media data, show that linguistic diversity is influenced by the physical and socio-economic environment, and identified areas where different linguistic groups are likely to interact. Our results provide insights for urban planning and understanding urban diversity through linguistic information. As global urbanization, international migration and refugee flows and climate change drive diverse populations into cities, understanding urban diversity and its implications for urban planning and sustainability become increasingly important.Peer reviewe

    ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๋ฐ•์ธ๊ถŒ.์ƒ๊ถŒ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์šฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ด๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ํ™•์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ฎ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐค์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋ชจ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์ค‘๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ƒ๊ถŒ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋™ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒจ๋‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ ์šฉ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ํ˜น์€ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ดํ•ญ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ฃผยท์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผยท์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ์š”์ธ์ด ์ƒ๊ถŒ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ƒ๊ถŒ์—์„œ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋„์™€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ๋„ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฃผยท์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ง ์•ผ๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์  ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ๋„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์–‘(+)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์šฉ๋„์™€์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ด ์ƒ๊ถŒ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ LUM๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฃผ์ค‘, ์ฃผ๋ง ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ง โ€“ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ƒ๊ถŒ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋งŒ LUM์ด ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผยท์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋“ค์ด LUM๊ณผ ๋” ํฐ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ง ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” LUM์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์ค‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋ง๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ์€ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์ค‘๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋„์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ์˜ ์œ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ค‘๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ง, ์ฃผ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฉ๋„์˜ ์ˆœํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ƒ๊ถŒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ถŒ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋„์™€ ํŠน์ • ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ์ œํ•œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.Some commercial districts attract most of their visitors only during day-time, while others at night-time. This difference in time of population flow may be affected by land use such as mixed-use. This paper aims to analyze the different impacts of mixed land-use on population flow between the diurnal and the nocturnal districts. On an hourly basis, the standardized value of population in each census tally-districts forms distinct patterns in the 24-hour range. Based on a k-means clustering with an hourly location-based population dataset collected from smartphone signal in Seoul, we classify census tally-districts in commercial areas into two groups: Diurnal and nocturnal. We introduce a binomial logistic model where a binary indicator is used as the dependent variable for the two groups. A comparison of land-use patterns between the two groups shows some significant differences as follows: First, the nocturnal areas tend to have distinctive features consisting of vibrant streets due to a higher degree of mixed use. In those areas, the degree of mixed-use is found to be higher. Next, the residential use has a higher impact on the increase of floating population than other uses. These results imply that a proper degree of mixed use attracts more people to commercial districts even at night, thereby enhancing the vitality of the streets.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  2 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ 5 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 12 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 12 1. ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™” 12 2. ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ 13 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ 14 1. ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ 14 2. ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 15 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์œ„์น˜๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋น…๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ™œ๋™ํŒจํ„ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 16 1. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ™œ๋™ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ 16 2. ํ™œ๋™ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์  ๋ถ„ํฌ 18 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 19 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 20 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 20 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 21 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 21 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ทจํ•ฉ 21 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ •๊ทœํ™” 23 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 24 1. ์„ค๋ช… ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 24 2. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 28 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 29 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ฃผยท์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจํ˜• 29 1. ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„ 29 2. K-means ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„ 32 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ฃผยท์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜• 44 1. ์ฃผ์ค‘ ๋ชจํ˜• 46 2. ์ฃผ๋ง ๋ชจํ˜• 53 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ด์šฉ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ชจํ˜• 60 1. ์ฃผ์ค‘-์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ๋ชจํ˜• 62 2. ์ฃผ์ค‘-์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ๋ชจํ˜• 64 3. ์ฃผ๋ง-์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ๋ชจํ˜• 66 4. ์ฃผ๋ง-์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ๋ชจํ˜• 68 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 70 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  71 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 71 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  73 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 74 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 75 ๋ถ€๋ก 81 Abstract 95Maste

    Using social media data to understand the urban green space use before and after a pandemic

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    Urban green spaces (UGSs) are essential components of urban ecosystems that provide considerable benefits to residents, including recreational opportunities, improved air and water quality, and mental and physical health benefits. The COVID-19 pandemic and related restriction measures have affected people's daily lives in numerous ways, such as remote working and learning, online shopping, social distancing, travel restrictions, and outdoor activities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, UGSs have become the main places for outdoor activities. Understanding human-environment interactions in UGSs is an important research field that has broad implications for improving policies in response to a social crisis and informing urban planning strategies. The main challenges of investigating human-environment interactions lie in effectively collecting research datasets that can reflect or reveal human behaviour patterns within UGSs. Volunteered Geographical Information (VGI) and social media can provide better information about real-time perceptions, attitudes and behaviours than traditional datasets such as surveys and questionnaires. This provides great opportunities to investigate human-environment interactions in UGS in real-time. Additionally, Twitter is one of the most popular social networks, and it can provide more comprehensive and unbiased datasets through a new academic research Application Programming Interface (API). The overall aim of this thesis is to evaluate the contributions of UGS to human well-being, during a time of crisis, by investigating the characteristics and spatial-temporal patterns of UGS use across three periods: pre-, during- and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The thesis will document the process of examining spatial-temporal changes in UGS use associated with COVID-19 related pandemic, by using Twitter datasets incorporating approaches including text mining, topic modelling and spatial-temporal analysis. This is the first study to examine social media data over consistent time period before, during and after the lockdown in relation to UGS. The results show that the findings and method can potentially inform policy makers in their management and planning of UGS, especially in a period of social crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. This research has great potential to help improve urban green space planning and management in urban areas

    Multi-dimensional measures of geography and the opioid epidemic: place, time and context

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    The opioid crisis has hit the United States hard in recent years. Behavioral patterns and social environments associated with opioid use and misuse vary significantly across communities. It is important to understand the geospatial prevalence of opioid overdoses and other impacts related to the crisis in order to provide a targeted response at different locations. This dissertation contributes a framework for understanding spatial and temporal patterns of drug prevalence, treatment services access and associated socio-environmental factors for opioid use and misuse. This dissertation addresses three main questions related to geography and the opioid epidemic: 1) How did drug poisoning deaths involving heroin evolve over space and time in the U.S. between 2000-2016; 2) How did access to opioid use disorder treatment facilities and emergency medical services vary spatially in New Hampshire during 2015-2016; and 3) What were the relations between socio-environmental factors and numbers of emergency department patients with drug-related health problems over space and time in Maryland during 2016-2018. For the first study, this dissertation developed a spatial and temporal data model to investigate trends of heroin mortality over a 17-year period (2000-2016). The research presented in this dissertation also involved developing a composite index to analyze spatial accessibility to both opioid use disorder treatment facilities and emergency medical services and compared these locations with the locations of deaths involving fentanyl to identify possible gaps in services. In the third study for this dissertation, I utilized socially-sensed data to identify neighborhood characteristics and investigated spatial and temporal relationships with emergency department patients with drug-related health problems admitted to the four hospitals in the western Baltimore area in Maryland during 2016 to 2018, in order to identify the dynamic patterns of the associations in terms of various socio-environmental factors
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