Estimates of the “Green” or “Eco” Regional Domestic Product of Indonesian Provinces for the year 2005

A trial estimate of the Green or Eco-Regional Domestic Product (ERDP) for 30 provinces in Indonesia for the year 2005 was attempted. ERDP was calculated by subtracting from “brown” Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), the value of liquidation of all kind of assets, man-made and natural. The types of assets covered are man-made capital, oil and natural gas, as well as other non-oil-gas minerals. The environmental assets liquidation included are environmental degradation of local and global pollution. This estimate is the first covering all provinces in Indonesia which enable informative cross-provincial comparison. It is found that the sustainability of the economic development of such provinces as Papua, East Kalimantan, West Nusa Tenggara, Riau and South Sumatra are in question as they rank low in term of the ratio of ERDP to GRDP. It implies that their future generations are among the most vulnerable. The rapid economic development in the provinces is dominantly caused by the liquidation of natural resource assets especially from oil, gas and other mineral extraction. The findings call for the need to diversify economic activity to avoid being too dependent on the extractive and polluting sectors. Sustainability could also be enhanced by way of increasing productivity so that for each unit of the liquidation of natural assets, we can generate welfare as much as possible.Green Regional Domestic Product, Green Accounting, Indonesia

The General Interregional Price Model

In the input-output tradition regional and interregional spill-over and feedback effects are related to changes in the real economic activities. However, the effects of changes in costs and prices on real economic activity have usually been neglected, despite the fact that the redistributive effects from this dual element in the intra- and interregional economy might be considerable and have effects on economic activity, which are comparable with the quantity effects. CGE-models on the other hand have explicitly addressed this issue using non-linear functions to overcome theoretical problems related to the use of fixed coeffients, permitting for example a more satisfactory treatment of substitution between factors of production or commodities as well as the effects of changing costs on patterns of trade and other forms of interaction. Following the input-output tradition, a structural model for the formation of prices in a local economy involving the price determination through local economic interaction such as commuting and shopping an interregional interaction, such as trade the general interregional price model is derived. The equations of the general interregional price model are presented together with the solution of the model. The theoretical changes examined include a set of new geographical concepts and in the context of an interregional SAM the development of the two-by-two-by-two approach, involving two sets of actors (production units and institutional units), two types of markets (commodities and factors) and two locations (origin and destination). Finally, a simultaneous solution to the combined general interregional quantity and price model based upon the most simple link is outlined.

Optical parameters of leaves of seven weed species

The absorption coefficient (k), infinite reflectance (R), and scattering coefficient (s) were tabulated for five wavelengths and analyzed for statistical differences for seven weed species. The wavelengths were: 0.55-micrometer, 0.65-micrometers, 0.85-micrometer, 1.65-micrometers, and 2.20-micrometer. The R of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.), and annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) leaves at the 0.85-micrometer wavelength were significantly (p=0.05) higher than for sunflower (Heliantus annus L.), ragweed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), or London rocket (Sisymbrium irio L.). Annual sowthistle had the largest k value, and Plamer amaranth (Amaranthus palmer S. Wats.) had the smallest k value at the 0.65 approximately chlorophyll absorption wavelength. In general, john-songress, ragweed parthenium, or London rocket had the largest s values among the five wavelengths, wereas annual sowthistle and plamar amaranth were usually lowest

A flexible modeling framework to estimate interregional trade patterns and input-output accounts

This study implements and tests a mathematical programming model to estimate interregional, interindustry transaction flows in a national system of economic regions based on an interregional accounting framework and initial information of interregional shipments. A national input-output (IO) table, regional data on gross output, value-added, exports, imports and final demand at sector level are used as inputs to generate an interregional IO account that reconciles regional economic statistics and interregional transaction data. The model is tested using data from a multi-regional global input-output database and shows remarkable capacity to discover true interregional trade patterns from highly distorted initial estimates.Scientific Research&Science Parks,Information Technology,Environmental Economics&Policies,Statistical&Mathematical Sciences,ICT Policy and Strategies,Statistical&Mathematical Sciences,Information Technology,Scientific Research&Science Parks,Science Education,Geographical Information Systems

Carbon 'hot-spots' in global supply chains : an inter-regional input-output analysis

Input-Output (IO) frameworks have been extensively used to study anthropogenic CO2 emissions within single economies or globally. This is usually done through the calculation of headline figures like the Production and Consumption Accounting Principles (PAP and CAP), which in turn leads to a lack of transparency on the structure of emissions and limits the information available on the drivers of those emissions. To overcome these limitations, we decompose the standard Environmental Inter-Regional Input-Output (EIRIO) headline calculations, drawing on the OECD Inter-Country IO tables. We show how this facilitates consideration of downstream demands driving the production and associated CO2 emissions at specific industrial ‘hot-spots’ outside the borders of individual regions/territories under study. The results for a UK study reveal how domestic final demand can drive the generation of emissions outside the UK’s territorial boundaries (despite the fact that the majority of emissions are generated within its borders). The combined Chinese ‘Electricity, Gas and Water Supply’ sector is identified as a major direct emitter of CO2 in the global supply chain of other industries (including UK-based ones) serving UK final demands. Furthermore, the UK ‘Health and Social Work’ sector is revealed to have the second largest CO2 footprint driven by UK final demand, amongst all production sectors in all countries. However, it is found to have numerous CO2 ‘hot-spots’ in its international upstream supply chain, highlighting the impact of UK’s ‘Health and Social Work’ sector on generation of emissions in the UK’s trading partners

Sobre la vegetación nitrófila del "Chenopodion muralis"

Se hace una revisión de los herbazales de los biótipos fuertemente nitrófilos, pertenecientes a la alianza mediterránea Chenopodion muralis (Chenopodietalia muralís, Stellarietea mediae). En la Península Ibérica se reconocen siete asociaciones, de las que dos Sisymbrio-Malve/am parz4florae y Atr¡plici-Salsoletum ruthenicae se describen por primera vez

The State-by-State Effects of Mad Cow Disease Using a New MRIO Model

Until recently, it is hard to find studies to estimate how much the total economic losses for U.S. or other states by the BSE incidents except one dominant study by Devadoss et al (2005), which used CGE (Computable Generalized Equations) model for U.S. However, they are not reporting the direct impacts by each state and indirect impacts resulting from state-by-state economic relations. The interindustry relations and spatial connections have required to developing the Multiregional Input-Output (MRIO) type model, and in the sense, the experience of beef export closures to foreign countries is the suitable case enabling to estimate the economic impacts via inter-regional inter-industrial connections. Therefore, this study estimated the U.S. economic losses by foreign export closures of each state due to the BSE incident in Washington State using a different, newly developed methodology, complementing the previous study. To assess the economic impacts of BSE on each state and U.S. national economy, we used two methodologies. First, we forecasted normal status of beef exports from January in 2004 to April in 2005 using time-series analyses, based on monthly pre-2004 foreign historical exports data obtained from WISERTrade data, in order to calculate the direct gaps between the estimated exports which would have been had if the BSE had not been discovered and the actually decreased exports. Second, a newly constructed MRIO-type model by Park et al (2006), the NIEMO (National Interstate Economic Model), addressed how much the impacts within each state including Washington, interstate effects, and U.S. national losses by the BSE are, based on the final demand losses from the ex-post incidents. While domestic U.S. market can find the equilibrium rapidly by tightening supply side, international barriers to hinder U.S. exports still become a critical agricultural policy for U.S. government. The closure of U.S. exports of bovine by mad cow disease occurred in Washington State yielded a huge shock into the U.S. economy due to simultaneous closures of other state exports. Currently, the only available MRIO model, the NIEMO, enables to estimate the economic losses by the simultaneous closures of each state export of beef and related products. In terms that the NIEMO can supply information comparing the different economic impacts of state-by-state to agricultural policy-makers, they can distribute the national subsides due to the incident, considering the spreading impacts.BSE, Time-series, Multiregional Input-Output, Economic Impacts, Agricultural Policy, Health Economics and Policy,

Development of low-frequency kernel-function aerodynamics for comparison with time-dependent finite-difference methods

Finite difference methods for unsteady transonic flow frequency use simplified equations in which certain of the time dependent terms are omitted from the governing equations. Kernel functions are derived for two dimensional subsonic flow, and provide accurate solutions of the linearized potential equation with the same time dependent terms omitted. These solutions make possible a direct evaluation of the finite difference codes for the linear problem. Calculations with two of these low frequency kernel functions verify the accuracy of the LTRAN2 and HYTRAN2 finite difference codes. Comparisons of the low frequency kernel function results with the Possio kernel function solution of the complete linear equations indicate the adequacy of the HYTRAN approximation for frequencies in the range of interest for flutter calculations