Vulnerabilities in biometric systems: Attacks and recent advances in liveness detection

This is an electronic version of the paper presented at the Spanish Workshop on Biometrics 2007, SWB-07 held in Girona (Spain)A review of the state-of-the-art in direct and indirect attacks to fingerprint and iris automatic recognition security systems is presented. A summary of the novel liveness detection methods, which take advantage of different physiological properties to distinguish between real and fake biometric traits, is also reported.This work has been supported by the TIC2006-13141-C03-03 project of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and the BioSecure NoE

Biometrics in ABC: counter-spoofing research

Automated border control (ABC) is concerned with fast and secure processing for intelligence-led identification. The FastPass project aims to build a harmonised, modular reference system for future European ABC. When biometrics is taken on board as identity, spoofing attacks become a concern. This paper presents current research in algorithm development for counter-spoofing attacks in biometrics. Focussing on three biometric traits, face, fingerprint, and iris, it examines possible types of spoofing attacks, and reviews existing algorithms reported in relevant academic papers in the area of countering measures to biometric spoofing attacks. It indicates that the new developing trend is fusion of multiple biometrics against spoofing attacks

Using Gaze for Behavioural Biometrics

A principled approach to the analysis of eye movements for behavioural biometrics is laid down. The approach grounds in foraging theory, which provides a sound basis to capture the unique- ness of individual eye movement behaviour. We propose a composite Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for quantifying the exploration/exploitation signature characterising the foraging eye behaviour. The rel- evant parameters of the composite model, inferred from eye-tracking data via Bayesian analysis, are shown to yield a suitable feature set for biometric identification; the latter is eventually accomplished via a classical classification technique. A proof of concept of the method is provided by measuring its identification performance on a publicly available dataset. Data and code for reproducing the analyses are made available. Overall, we argue that the approach offers a fresh view on either the analyses of eye-tracking data and prospective applications in this field

Assessment Methods of Cognitive Ability of Human Brains for Inborn Intelligence Potential Using Pattern Recognitions

This research aims to examine the scientific study related to fingerprint patterns and brains lobes. Generally, this method is used to find and develop the inborn potential and personality especially of children. Every person is having inborn potential and personality, which will help us to analyze strength and weakness. The present work is based only on the analysis and used as a reference for scientific research in the field of Galtian and statistical study conducted based on the fingerprint processing. Human brain is divided into two parts, left hemispheres and right hemispheres. Fingers of right hand represent the functions of left brain and fingers of left hand represent the functions of right brain. Human brain is divided into 10 lobes and each lobe is related with each finger. Each lobe represents different intelligences. A detailed analysis of the fingerprint would help the researchers to find the inborn talents. It will provide them the most appropriate learning habits from young age and improve learning ability effectively. The vital factor of an individual’s intelligence is determined by neural network connection of brain cells. Cognitive science is the scientific study that will help you to know about yourself

Causation in the Nature-Nurture Debate: The Case of Genotype-Environment Interaction

I attempt to resolve an aspect of the nature-nurture debate. Consider a typical nature-nurture question: Why do some individuals develop a complex trait such as depression, while others do not? This question incorporates an etiological query about the causal mechanisms responsible for the individual development of depression; it also incorporates an etiological query about the causes of variation responsible for individual differences in the occurrence of depression. Scientists in the developmental research tradition of biology investigate the former; scientists in the biometric research tradition of biology investigate the latter. So what is the relationship?The developmental and biometric research traditions, I argue, are united in their joint effort to elucidate what I call difference mechanisms. Difference mechanisms are regular causal mechanisms made up of difference-making variables that take different values in the natural world. On this model, individual differences are the effect of difference-makers in development that take different values in the natural world. I apply this model to the case of genotype-environment interaction (or G×E), showing that there have actually been two separate concepts of G×E: a biometric concept (or G×EB) and a developmental concept (or G×ED). These concepts also may be integrated via the difference mechanisms model: G×E results from the interdependence of difference-makers in development that take different values in the natural world

New light on neurocognitive processes linked to autism and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in childhood : studies of eye movements in twins

Visual attention and oculomotor response inhibition have been associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) respectively. The aim of this thesis was to increase our knowledge about these cognitive functions relevant to ASD and ADHD in early infancy and childhood using eye tracking and twin modelling. Study 1 assessed the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to attentional networks and visual disengagement (using the gap overlap task) in a sample of twins from the general population, aged 9-14 years. It also assessed whether visual disengagement was associated with autistic traits. Gaze shift latencies across conditions were driven by shared genetic factors. Additionally, there were unique genetic influences to gaze shift latencies in the gap condition. In line with previous work, autistic traits were found to be heritable. There was no association between visual disengagement and autistic traits. Study 2 investigated the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to oculomotor response inhibition (using the antisaccade task) and the degree to which oculomotor response inhibition was associated with ADHD traits in the same twin sample. Oculomotor response inhibition in the form of premature anticipatory eye movements was heritable and associated to parent rated inattentive traits. This association was partially due to shared genetic factors. Study 3 investigated how visual disengagement relates to other cognitive developmental processes and behaviors, socioeconomic status and biological sex in early infancy. Gaze shift latencies in the overlap, baseline and gap conditions, of the Gap Overlap task, differed as a function of socioeconomic status and sex. No other associations between visual attention and developmental measures were observed. Thus, in summary, while these findings do not support neither a phenotypic nor a genetic link between visual disengagement and ASD, they support such association between oculomotor response inhibition and inattention (a core component of ADHD). Finally, these findings highlight the influence of sociodemographic factors on individual differences in visual attention in early infancy, thus underscoring the importance of understanding all sources of variation in attentional functions in childhood