Open Innovation, ambiguity and technological convergence

Objectives. Current paper aims to provide a fresh conceptual framework on the relationship among open innovation, decision ambiguity, and technological convergence. We argue that there is a curvilinear relationship between open innovation and both technological convergence and ambiguity. Contained level of convergence and ambiguity foster open innovation, whilst an excess of them is an impediment to collaboration. Technological convergence further acts as a moderator for ambiguity, in light of the benefits of isomorphism. Methodology. We propose a conceptual framework for open innovation decisions after accurately reviewing the main literature antecedents. Findings. We suggest an inverse u-shaped relationship between open innovation and either ambiguity or technological convergence. Research limits. In future, the theoretical framework proposed by thus study has to be tested with robust and proper statistical techniques on large scale samples. Practical implications. The model offers a heuristic for open innovation decisions under ambiguity. Originality of the study. To the best of our knowledge, the relationship linking open innovation, technological convergence and ambiguity emerges as a literature gap. This study tackles this issue, proposing an interpretation for the analysis of alliances decision in innovation

Analisa Strategi Teknologi Informasi Pemasaran UKM Kuliner di Media Sosial Menggunakan Metode SWOT

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan media sosial sebagai media promosi usaha kuliner kecil dan menengah di Palembang. Suatu teknik pengambilan keputusan dalam promosi usaha kuliner menggunakan metode Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT). Dengan mengetahui keempat aspek tersebut pelaku usaha dapat memaksimalkan kekuatan dari pemasaran melalui sosial media, meminimalkan kelemahan dan ancaman sosial media marketing, dan membangun peluang-peluang di masa depan. Penelitian ini menganalisis data secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data kualitatif berupa pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diajukan kepada responden penelitian dengan menggunakan kuesioner, kemudian data tersebut dikuantifikasi agar dapat dianalisis lebih dalam. Tahapan nya dari pemberian bobot dan rating, perhitungan IFAS dan EFAS, diagram kartesius swot, matriks strategi kombinasi strategi, dan matriks SWOT. Kuesioner diberikan kepada 60 pelaku UMKM dan juga pelanggan yang melihat konten promosi UMKM di media sosial. Dilihat dari hasil analisis SWOT diagram kartesius coordinate point antara internal factor dan external factor sebesar 0,19;-0,43 terletak pada kuadran IV yang artinya strategi diversifikasi perlu diterapkan. Strategi yang perlu diterapkan adalah ST strategi seperti menyeleksi target audiens yang melihat iklan berdasarkan range usia, dan jenis kelamin, kemudian implementasi search engine marketing (SEM) dan search engine optimization (SEO) lebih mendalam (S1, T1). Membuat hashtag ataupun keyword yang relevan dengan produk yang ditawarkan,  membangun brand image (Personal Branding), dan membuat konten iklan yang menarik (S1, T1, T3). Terakhir, Lebih mengarahkan konsumen ke transaksi penjualan melalui marketplace ataupun website, dan gunakan rekening bersama (S4, T2). Penggunaan teknologi informasi sebagai media promosi di sosial media menjadi salah satu teknik pengambilan keputusan yang dibutuhkan dalam mempromosikan dan meningkatkan pendapatan UMKM di Palembang. AbstractThe aim of this study is to determine the use of social media as a culinary promotions in Palembang. The technique method for making decisions in the promotion of Small Medium Culinary Enterpraise (Culinary SME’s) used Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis (SWOT). By understanding these four aspects, opportunities for marketing improvement through social media are needed, discussing the weaknesses and challenges of social media marketing, and building opportunities in the future. This study analyzes data quantitatively and qualitatively. Qualitative data in this research is the form of questions asked to respondents using a questionnaire, then the data are quantified for in depth analysis. The stages are from weighting and rating every item in questionneire, IFAS and EFAS calculations, Cartesian SWOT diagrams, combined strategy matrice, and SWOT matrices. Questionnaires were given to 60 Culinary SME’s, and also customers who viewed promotional content on social media. From the results of the SWOT analysis the Cartesian coordinate point diagram between internal factors and external factors is 0.19; -0.43  in quadrant IV, which means that a diversification strategy needs to be applied. Strategies that need to be implemented are ST strategies such as selecting the target audience who see ads based on age range, and gender, then the implementation of search engine marketing (SEM) and search engine optimization (SEO) more deeply (S1, T1). Create hashtags or keywords that are relevant to the products offered, build a brand image (Personal Branding), and create interesting advertising content (S1, T1, T3). Finally, more direct consumers to sales transactions through the marketplace or website, and use a joint account (S4, T2). The used of information technology as a promotional media on social media is one of the decision-making techniques needed to promote and increase the income of Culinary SMEs in Palembang 

Focused on the empirical case of pharmaceutical industry

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2019. 2. 황준석.시장 내외에서 발생하는 여러 불확실한 상황들 속에서 지속적으로 수익을 창출하고 경쟁 우위를 확보하는 것은 기업 활동에 요구되는 중요한 역량 중 하나이다. 이를 위해서 기업은 단순한 생존뿐만 아니라 지속적인 성장을 추구할 수 있는 경쟁력을 강화해야 한다. 이러한 측면에서, 다각화는 전략 경영 분야에서 가장 중요한 연구 주제이자 기업 활동으로 여겨지고 있다. 하지만 이를 달성하기 위해 요구되는 새로운 투자 및 기술과 시설 때문에 또 다른 한편으로 다각화는 복잡하고 불확실한 활동으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 의미에서, 전략적 제휴는 위험과 불확실성을 관리하면서 다각화를 달성하는 효과적인 수단으로 사용된다. 이에 기업들은 다각화 달성을 위해 제휴 포트폴리오를 구축하여 더 많은 파트너와 다양한 형태의 전략적 제휴 활동을 이어나가고 있다. 기업 다각화 관련 연구가 오랜 기간 지속되어 왔음에도 불구하고, 본 연구에서는 기존의 연구에서는 발견된 세 가지 한계점들을 다루고자 한다. 첫째, 다각화 지수의 선정 문제가 충분히 논의되지 않았다. 다각화의 개념은 그 특성에 따라 다르게 정의될 수 있으며, 기존의 다각화 지수들은 서로 다른 다각화 특성을 내포하고 있으므로 지수 선정에 관한 불충분한 논의는 단순한 결과의 차이뿐만 아니라 해석의 차이를 일으킬 수 있다. 둘째, 시장과 제품 다각화가 명확하게 구별되지 않았다. 이전의 연구에서 시장과 제품 다각화는 동일한 방식으로 측정되었기 때문에, 어떤 시장에 진입하고 어떤 제품을 개발할 것인지를 결정하는 실제 기업의 전략적 선택에 함의를 제공하는 데 한계를 나타냈다. 마지막으로, 기업의 제휴 포트폴리오 효과가 다각화에 미치는 효과를 보는 데 있어 제휴 포트폴리오 관리 능력의 역할이 고려되지 않았다. 더 많은 기업이 다른 파트너와 다양한 제휴 관계를 맺고 있음에도 불구하고 기존의 연구에서는 기업의 제휴 포트폴리오 관리 역량에 따른 그 효과의 차이를 보이지 못하였다. 이에 제휴 포트폴리오와 다각화의 관계를 이해하는 데 있어 제휴 포트폴리오 관리 역량에 대한 추가적인 접근 방식이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 다음의 세 가지 연구로 구성되었다. 먼저 첫 번째 연구에서는 다각화 특성의 관점에서 다각화 지수의 선택 문제를 다루었다. 다각화 지수의 내용 타당성을 확보하기 위해 특허 데이터를 이용한 기술 다각화를 세 가지 사례로 나누어 살펴보았다. 여기서 기존의 다각화 지수들은 Stirling이 제시한 다각화 프레임워크에 명시된 다각화 특성을 중심으로 분류하였고, 실증 분석으로는 각 지수 간의 패턴과 유사성을 분석하기 위해 주성분 분석을 사용하였다. 그 결과, 기존의 다각화 지수들은 두 가지 주요 구성 요소로 분류된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 여기서 첫 번째 요소는 다각화의 균형을, 두 번째 요소는 다각화의 이질성을 나타내며, 각각의 대표 지수에는 Gini-Simpson과 Rao-Stirling이 제시되었다. 이러한 의미에서 본 연구는 균형 중심 및 이질성 중심 다각화 관점의 필요성과 대표 지수 선정의 근거를 제시하였다. 두 번째 논문에서는 기업 성과에 대한 기업 차원의 다각화의 효과에 대해 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 기업의 다각화는 시장, 제품 및 기술에 대한 기업의 다각화 활동으로 구성되었다. 시장과 제품 다각화는 제품이 판매되는 시장의 유형과 제품의 기능적 유형으로 구분되었으며, 기술 다각화는 특허의 기술분류코드로 측정하였다. 이와 함께 각 다각화 활동은 모두 균형 중심 및 이질성 중심 다각화 관점에서 측정되었다. 실증 분석에는 제약 산업의 사례를 중심으로 살펴보았으며, 이를 위해 기업의 시장, 제품 및 특허 데이터를 통합한 패널 데이터를 구축하였다. 그 결과, 기업 성과 향상을 위해 이질적인 시장 다각화, 균형 있고 덜 이질적인 제품 다각화, 그리고 집중되고 이질적인 기술 다각화라는 전략적 함의가 도출되었다. 셋째 논문에서는 개방형 혁신 활동과 기업의 다각화 간의 관계를 제휴 포트폴리오 관리 역량의 영향을 고려하여 분석하였다. 이를 위해 네트워크 분석을 이용한 기업의 제휴 포트폴리오 관리 능력 측정 방식이 제시되었으며, 회사의 개방형 혁신 활동들은 전체 누적이 아닌 연도별 거래 기록으로 평가되었다. 그 결과, 제휴 포트폴리오 관리 기능의 조절 효과가 확인되었는데, 이는 기업의 Outside-in 제휴 활동은 시장과 제품의 집중화된 다각화를 추진하고 Coupled 제휴 활동은 균형 잡힌 기술 다각화를 촉진하는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 두 가지 다각화 관점으로 시장, 제품 및 기술로 구성된 기업 다각화 프레임워크를 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 다각화 프레임워크는 기업의 다각화 전략 유형을 일반주의자, 전문가, 개척자 및 보수주의자의 네 가지 유형으로 분류하는 데 사용할 수 있다. 또한, 본 연구는 기업의 다각화 활동을 이해하기 위한 개방형 혁신 활동과 제휴 포트폴리오 관리 역량을 함께 고려하여 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 기업 다각화 프레임워크는 이러한 접근 방식 외에도 기업의 다각화 활동을 분석하고 이해하는 다양한 형태로 사용되어 추가적인 전략적 시사점을 제공하는데 사용될 수 있다.In a market economy, maintaining profits and competitive advantages are important issues for firms. It is necessary for firms to enhance their competitive capabilities to survive and pursue consistent growth while facing unexpected challenges from within and without the market. From this perspective, diversification has been one of the most important research topics in the field of strategic management. Diversification, however, is a complex and risky task as it requires new skills, technologies, and facilities. This study highlights and focuses on the role of strategic alliances for diversificationfirms engage in multiple strategic alliances simultaneously with different partners as it allows them to manage risks and uncertainties. An alliance portfolio is important for understanding the promotion of diversification and has begun to be regarded as a unit of analysis. Although diversification has been widely studied by various researchers, existing studies show the following limitations. Firstly, the selection issue of diversification indices has not been sufficiently discussed prior to the main analysis. Although each diversification index contains different properties of diversity and the result may differ depending on the nature of the selected diversification index, the selection of an appropriate diversification index remains an unresolved issue. Secondly, market and product diversification are not clearly distinguishedprevious studies use the same measurement for both activities. Since a firms actual strategic decisions depend on which market to enter and which product to develop, the existing approach has limitations in providing the relevant implications for each activity. Lastly, the effect of an alliance portfolio on firm-level diversification is not discussed taking into consideration open innovation activities and alliance portfolio management capabilities (APMCs). As more firms are now entering into various alliances with different partners, an exploration of the effects of an alliance portfolio with respect to open innovation activities and APMCs is needed. With respect to the abovementioned issues, this thesis comprises three different articles. In the first article, the selection of a diversification index is examined empirically with respect to the properties of diversity. In order to obtain the content validity of the diversification index, technology diversification using patent data is examined with three different cases and various diversity indices. Based on Stirling (2007)s diversity framework, each diversification index is classified based on its relevant properties. For the empirical analysis, a principal component analysis is conducted to analyze the patterns and similarities between the indices. As a result, diversification is classified based on two principal components. The first group relates to the balance of diversification while the second group reflects variety and disparity. In this sense, the consideration of two diversification perspectives (balance-centered and hetero-centered diversification) is suggested for diversification studies. In the second article, the effects of firm-level diversification on firm performance are explored. Here, firm-level diversification includes a firms market, product, and technological diversification activities. Market and product diversification are distinguished by measuring each with the market type and the product type. In addition to this, balance-centered and hetero-centered diversification perspectives are applied for the measurement of diversification. For the empirical analysis, a case involving pharmaceutical firms is selected and panel data is constructed by integrating a firms market, product, and patent data. The following distinct strategic implications for each activity are derived from the results: more balanced and less heterogeneous diversification for product diversification, heterogeneous market diversification, and concentrated technology diversification. In the third article, the relationship between open innovation activities and firm-level diversification are investigated taking into consideration the moderating effect of APMCs. For this purpose, a network analysis is implemented to measure APMCs and a firms open innovation activities are evaluated using individual deal records. With respect to the moderating effect of APMCs, outside-in activities promote focused and less-heterogeneous market and product diversification while coupled activities increase balanced technology diversification. This study proposes a firm-level diversification framework including market, product, and technological diversification activities with two diversification perspectives (balance-centered and hetero-centered), which can overcome and address the limitations of previous studies. The proposed diversification perspectives can be used to classify firms diversification behaviors into four types: generalist, specialist, pioneer, and conservative. In addition, this study integrates open innovation activities and APMCs to derive an understanding of firm-level diversification. With this approach, further studies can be implemented to elucidate the trends in each diversification activity.Abstract i Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Research objective 5 1.4 Research question 7 1.5 Research outline 8 Chapter 2. Literature Review 11 2.1 A resource-based view 11 2.1.1 Diversification and resource-based view 12 2.1.2 Firm-level diversification 14 2.2 Firm-level diversification framework 16 2.2.1 Proposed conceptual framework of firm-level diversification 16 2.3 Alliance portfolio 21 2.3.1 Strategic alliance 21 2.3.2 Alliance portfolio management capability (APMC) 22 Chapter 3. Which diversification index should be selected?: Insights for diversification perspectives 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Literature review 29 3.2.1 The content validity of diversification index 29 3.2.1 Technology diversification 31 3.2.2 Diversification perspectives and indices 33 3.3 Data and methodology 37 3.3.1 Data 37 3.3.2 Methodology 40 3.4 Result 45 3.4.1 Case 1: Cross-section 45 3.4.2 Case 2: Single Time Periods 49 3.4.3 Case 3: Multiple Time Periods 52 3.5 Conclusion 55 Chapter 4. Effects of firm-level diversifications of market, product, and technology on performance: Focused on diversity property 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Literature review 72 4.2.1 Diversification perspectives 72 4.2.2 Market/product diversification 75 4.2.3 Technology diversification 79 4.3 Data and Methodology 82 4.3.1 Data 82 4.3.2 Variables 85 4.3.3 Methodology 88 4.4 Results 90 4.5 Discussion 94 4.5.1 Managerial discussion 94 4.5.2 Theoretical discussion 96 Chapter 5. Effects of open innovation on firm-level diversification: The moderating role of alliance portfolio management capability 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Literature review 106 5.2.1 Open innovation 106 5.2.2 APMC and performance 109 5.3 Data and methodology 110 5.3.1 Data 111 5.3.2 Variables 112 5.4 Results 118 5.5 Discussion 128 5.5.1 Managerial discussion 128 5.5.2 Theoretical discussion 130 Chapter 6. Conclusion 133 6.1 Summary 133 6.2 Contribution 136 6.3 Limitations and future research 142 Bibliography 145 Appendix 1: Correlation matrix (Chapter 4) 177 Appendix 2: Diversification category 179 Appendix 3: Alliance network (Chapter 5) 183 Appendix 4: Open innovation activities 185 Abstract (Korean) 187Docto

Economic Crisis and Healthcare Services

Economic crises, such as the economic crisis of 2008, are related to several issues, including decreases in disposable income and increases in unemployment. At the individual level, decreasing disposable income, unemployment, and loss of insurance coverage have detrimental effects on the ability to seek affordable, quality, and accessible healthcare. At the population level, they have adverse effects on physical and psychological health and on overall well-being. From a healthcare services perspective, economic crises challenge the ability to provide quality, affordable healthcare services that meet the needs and expectations of the population. In the same vein, the economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis include decreases in income, increases in unemployment, financial uncertainty, declines in living conditions, and pressures exerted on healthcare systems. On the other hand, several non-COVID-19 health-related effects are tied to the pandemic. In this sense, this book attempts to highlight the influences of economic crises on individuals, the world economy, and healthcare. Although the range of challenges attributed to economic crises is quite broad, the collection of articles in this book investigates topics that focus on the global economic crisis of 2008 as well as the one induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. In an environment of negative economic development, these kinds of issues should be highlighted, and potential solutions should be investigated

How does firm diversification impact innovation?

This study sheds light on the relationship between business diversification and innovation. A diversification strategy is both a driver of sunk costs and strategic slack. Strategic slack is a valuable reserve of knowledge, usable to foster innovation. Using linear models, we explore the interplay between research and development (R&D) and organisational slack in large and diversified companies listed on the Euronext 100 Index. We consider the diversification pattern over time, and its interactions with the following three categories: sunk costs, slack resources, and R&D. The results show an antithetic effect of diversification and slack on R&D expenditures. In contrast to unabsorbed and potential slack, diversification and sunk costs hinder innovation. However, diversification is a huge source of strategic slack and, thus, has a positive effect on innovation, indirectly

How does firm diversification impact innovation?

This study sheds light on the relationship between business diversification and innovation. A diversification strategy is both a driver of sunk costs and strategic slack. Strategic slack is a valuable reserve of knowledge, usable to foster innovation. Using linear models, we explore the interplay between research and development (R&D) and organisational slack in large and diversified companies listed on the Euronext 100 Index. We consider the diversification pattern over time, and its interactions with the following three categories: sunk costs, slack resources, and R&D. The results show an antithetic effect of diversification and slack on R&D expenditures. In contrast to unabsorbed and potential slack, diversification and sunk costs hinder innovation. However, diversification is a huge source of strategic slack and, thus, has a positive effect on innovation, indirectly