Curriculum guide to teach computed radiography at El Camino College

The purpose of the project was to design a curriculum guideline for educators to teach computed radiography. This project can be used as a stand-alone course, or integrated into existing radiologic technology courses

Development of the PETAL Laser Facility and its Diagnostic Tools

The PETAL system (PETawatt Aquitaine Laser) is a high-energy short-pulse laser, currently in an advanced construction phase, to be combined with the French Mega-Joule Laser (LMJ). In a first operational phase (beginning in 2015 and 2016) PETAL will provide 1 kJ in 1 ps and will be coupled to the first four LMJ quads. The ultimate performance goal to reach 7PW (3.5 kJ with 0.5 ps pulses). Once in operation, LMJ and PETAL will form a unique facility in Europe for High Energy Density Physics (HEDP). PETAL is aiming at providing secondary sources of particles and radiation to diagnose the HED plasmas generated by the LMJ beams. It also will be used to create HED states by short-pulse heating of matter. Petal+ is an auxiliary project addressed to design and build diagnostics for experiments with PETAL. Within this project, three types of diagnostics are planned: a proton spectrometer, an electronspectrometer and a large-range X-ray spectrometer

Aerospace Medicine and Biology. A continuing bibliography with indexes

This bibliography lists 244 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in February 1981. Aerospace medicine and aerobiology topics are included. Listings for physiological factors, astronaut performance, control theory, artificial intelligence, and cybernetics are included

Space nuclear power, propulsion, and related technologies.

Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) is one of the nation's largest research and development (R&D) facilities, with headquarters at Albuquerque, New Mexico; a laboratory at Livermore, California; and a test range near Tonopah, Nevada. Smaller testing facilities are also operated at other locations. Established in 1945, Sandia was operated by the University of California until 1949, when, at the request of President Truman, Sandia Corporation was formed as a subsidiary of Bell Lab's Western Electric Company to operate Sandia as a service to the U.S. Government without profit or fee. Sandia is currently operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by AT&T Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of AT&T. Sandia's responsibility is national security programs in defense and energy with primary emphasis on nuclear weapon research and development (R&D). However, Sandia also supports a wide variety of projects ranging from basic materials research to the design of specialized parachutes. Assets, owned by DOE and valued at more than $1.2 billion, include about 600 major buildings containing about 372,000 square meters (m2) (4 million square feet [ft2]) of floor space, located on land totalling approximately 1460 square kilometers (km2) (562 square miles [mi]). Sandia employs about 8500 people, the majority in Albuquerque, with about 1000 in Livermore. Approximately 60% of Sandia's employees are in technical and scientific positions, and the remainder are in crafts, skilled labor, and administrative positions. As a multiprogram national laboratory, Sandia has much to offer both industrial and government customers in pursuing space nuclear technologies. The purpose of this brochure is to provide the reader with a brief summary of Sandia's technical capabilities, test facilities, and example programs that relate to military and civilian objectives in space. Sandia is interested in forming partnerships with industry and government organizations, and has already formed several cooperative alliances and agreements. Because of the synergism of multiple governmental and industrial sponsors of many programs, Sandia is frequently able to provide complex technical solutions in a relatively short time, and often at lower cost to a particular customer. They have listed a few ongoing programs at Sandia related to space nuclear technology as examples of the possible synergisms that could result from forming teams and partnerships with related technologies and objectives

Technologies for Delivery of Proton and Ion Beams for Radiotherapy

Recent developments for the delivery of proton and ion beam therapy have been significant, and a number of technological solutions now exist for the creation and utilisation of these particles for the treatment of cancer. In this paper we review the historical development of particle accelerators used for external beam radiotherapy and discuss the more recent progress towards more capable and cost-effective sources of particles.Comment: 53 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to International Journal of Modern Physics

Needs, trends, and advances in scintillators for radiographic imaging and tomography

Scintillators are important materials for radiographic imaging and tomography (RadIT), when ionizing radiations are used to reveal internal structures of materials. Since its invention by R\"ontgen, RadIT now come in many modalities such as absorption-based X-ray radiography, phase contrast X-ray imaging, coherent X-ray diffractive imaging, high-energy X- and $\gamma-$ray radiography at above 1 MeV, X-ray computed tomography (CT), proton imaging and tomography (IT), neutron IT, positron emission tomography (PET), high-energy electron radiography, muon tomography, etc. Spatial, temporal resolution, sensitivity, and radiation hardness, among others, are common metrics for RadIT performance, which are enabled by, in addition to scintillators, advances in high-luminosity accelerators and high-power lasers, photodetectors especially CMOS pixelated sensor arrays, and lately data science. Medical imaging, nondestructive testing, nuclear safety and safeguards are traditional RadIT applications. Examples of growing or emerging applications include space, additive manufacturing, machine vision, and virtual reality or `metaverse'. Scintillator metrics such as light yield and decay time are correlated to RadIT metrics. More than 160 kinds of scintillators and applications are presented during the SCINT22 conference. New trends include inorganic and organic scintillator heterostructures, liquid phase synthesis of perovskites and $\mu$m-thick films, use of multiphysics models and data science to guide scintillator development, structural innovations such as photonic crystals, nanoscintillators enhanced by the Purcell effect, novel scintillator fibers, and multilayer configurations. Opportunities exist through optimization of RadIT with reduced radiation dose, data-driven measurements, photon/particle counting and tracking methods supplementing time-integrated measurements, and multimodal RadIT.Comment: 45 pages, 43 Figures, SCINT22 conference overvie

SIGNAL AND NOISE CORRELATIONS IN DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY IMAGING DETECTORS

X-ray detectors are an integral part of any x-ray imaging system. In order to maximize system performance, and hence image quality, signal and noise must be efficiently transferred from input to output. Ideally, an x-ray detector should preserve the input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, in reality, various physical processes within the x-ray detector degrade SNR, which consequently results in lower image quality for a given x-ray imaging dose. The goal of this work is to understand how signal and noise correlations limit the performance of diagnostic x-ray detectors, especially those used in high-resolution imaging applications, such as mammography and micro computed tomography (CT). The fundamental spatial resolution and SNR limits caused by signal and noise correlations associated with x-ray interactions was determined using Monte Carlo simulations of the absorbed energy in common x-ray detector materials as a function of incident energy and converter thickness. These fundamental limits help identify potential performance bottlenecks in existing detectors and also serve as target benchmarks for future designs. Theoretical models of signal and noise transfer through the photoelectric effect and CT filtered backprojection algorithm were developed using a cascaded systems analysis to analytically predict how signal and noise correlations affect detector performance and CT image quality, respectively. This work provides x-ray detector manufacturers and imaging scientists (i) a priori knowledge of the fundamental barriers of detector performance, and (ii) “tools” necessary for the design and optimization of radiography and CT based imaging systems. These contributions will not only save time, money and resources, but will ultimately lead to x-ray detectors with higher SNR efficiency, which in turn, may lead to better image quality (greater diagnostic accuracy) and/or lower patient dose (lower cancer risk)

Experiments with RADFET dosimeter in electron-beams irradiation and numerical computation of the physical shielding factor

MOSFET electronic components are already the subject of several decades of research in various fields of dosimetry and radiation protection. Special interest appeared when these components are started to be used as dosimeters in radiotherapy with electron beams. However, if one looks much more serious in the wider scientific research horizon, all the results obtained in experiments with precisely defined energies of incident electrons can be used in other disciplines which consider the impacts spectra of cosmic radiation on electronic devices, which is especially importance for cosmic science and space research instrumentation. In this paper, one of the objectives was to examine the electrical characteristics specially designed ESAPMOS RADFET dosimeters in the experiments that were conducted on a linear accelerator installations. RADFET components are bombarded electron beams energy of 6 MeV and 8 MeV, and then are followed by changes in threshold voltage shift mean values depending on the change of absorbed dose is referred to as D(cGy) was determined in water. Conclusions performance RADFET components are more than encouraging in terms of further research to improve the linearity of the energy dependence as widely energy electrons. In the second part of the test complex structure of packaging components RADFET focus is placed on the determination of the energy deposited in layers that are of interest for the analysis of microscopic processes related to the recombination of radiation-induced electron-hole pairs. Transport incident electrons through all the layers of structure RADFET component type ESAPMOS was carried out numerical simulations of the Monte Carlo method using the software package FOTELP-2K12. On this occasion, were taken into account all the physical processes of interaction of electrons with materials given structure. When he conquered the numerical application of mathematical and physical model for determining the value of the absorbed energy as the energy deposited per unit mass in a given layers with different materials, it could be accessed defining physical shielding factor (PSF) for a given structure RADFET components. Physical shielding factor (PSF) is defined as the ratio of absorbed dose values, which in fact means that it is equal to the energy deposited when the RADFET is shielded with protection, and the RADFET without lid. When we know the energy dependence factor for PSF of RADFET with and without armour, can be carried out and the analysis of whether and to what extent the energy required compensating the electronic components. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for the transport of incident electrons from 4 MeV, 6 MeV, 8 MeV and 12 MeV. It can be concluded that the different energy of incident electrons there is a significant influence of material Kovar on the absorbed energy in SiO2 and Si layers structure RADFET, in cases where Kovar used among other things as physical protection.Third International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research, RAD 2015, June 8-12, 2015, Budva, Montenegr