2,594 research outputs found
Generalized exponents of non-primitive graphs
AbstractThe exponent of a primitive digraph is the smallest integer k such that for each ordered pair of (not necessarily distinct) vertices x and y there is a walk of length k from x to y. As a generalization of exponent, Brualdi and Liu (Linear Algebra Appl. 14 (1990) 483–499) introduced three types of generalized exponents for primitive digraphs in 1990. In this paper we extend their definitions of generalized exponents from primitive digraphs to general digraphs which are not necessarily primitive. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the finiteness of these generalized exponents for graphs (undirected, corresponding to symmetric digraphs) and completely determine the largest finite values and the exponent sets of generalized exponents for the class of non-primitive graphs of order n, the class of connected bipartite graphs of order n and the class of trees of order n
Crossover from Isotropic to Directed Percolation
Percolation clusters are probably the simplest example for scale--invariant
structures which either are governed by isotropic scaling--laws
(``self--similarity'') or --- as in the case of directed percolation --- may
display anisotropic scaling behavior (``self--affinity''). Taking advantage of
the fact that both isotropic and directed bond percolation (with one preferred
direction) may be mapped onto corresponding variants of (Reggeon) field theory,
we discuss the crossover between self--similar and self--affine scaling. This
has been a long--standing and yet unsolved problem because it is accompanied by
different upper critical dimensions: for isotropic, and
for directed percolation, respectively. Using a generalized
subtraction scheme we show that this crossover may nevertheless be treated
consistently within the framework of renormalization group theory. We identify
the corresponding crossover exponent, and calculate effective exponents for
different length scales and the pair correlation function to one--loop order.
Thus we are able to predict at which characteristic anisotropy scale the
crossover should occur. The results are subject to direct tests by both
computer simulations and experiment. We emphasize the broad range of
applicability of the proposed method.Comment: 19 pages, written in RevTeX, 12 figures available upon request (from
[email protected] or [email protected]), EF/UCT--94/2, to be
published in Phys. Rev. E (May 1994
Synchronizing Automata on Quasi Eulerian Digraph
In 1964 \v{C}ern\'{y} conjectured that each -state synchronizing automaton
posesses a reset word of length at most . From the other side the best
known upper bound on the reset length (minimum length of reset words) is cubic
in . Thus the main problem here is to prove quadratic (in ) upper bounds.
Since 1964, this problem has been solved for few special classes of \sa. One of
this result is due to Kari \cite{Ka03} for automata with Eulerian digraphs. In
this paper we introduce a new approach to prove quadratic upper bounds and
explain it in terms of Markov chains and Perron-Frobenius theories. Using this
approach we obtain a quadratic upper bound for a generalization of Eulerian
automata.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur
Intersections of multiplicative translates of 3-adic Cantor sets
Motivated by a question of Erd\H{o}s, this paper considers questions
concerning the discrete dynamical system on the 3-adic integers given by
multiplication by 2. Let the 3-adic Cantor set consist of all 3-adic integers
whose expansions use only the digits 0 and 1. The exception set is the set of
3-adic integers whose forward orbits under this action intersects the 3-adic
Cantor set infinitely many times. It has been shown that this set has Hausdorff
dimension 0. Approaches to upper bounds on the Hausdorff dimensions of these
sets leads to study of intersections of multiplicative translates of Cantor
sets by powers of 2. More generally, this paper studies the structure of finite
intersections of general multiplicative translates of the 3-adic Cantor set by
integers 1 < M_1 < M_2 < ...< M_n. These sets are describable as sets of 3-adic
integers whose 3-adic expansions have one-sided symbolic dynamics given by a
finite automaton. As a consequence, the Hausdorff dimension of such a set is
always of the form log(\beta) for an algebraic integer \beta. This paper gives
a method to determine the automaton for given data (M_1, ..., M_n).
Experimental results indicate that the Hausdorff dimension of such sets depends
in a very complicated way on the integers M_1,...,M_n.Comment: v1, 31 pages, 6 figure
Applications of Field-Theoretic Renormalization Group Methods to Reaction-Diffusion Problems
We review the application of field-theoretic renormalization group (RG)
methods to the study of fluctuations in reaction-diffusion problems. We first
investigate the physical origin of universality in these systems, before
comparing RG methods to other available analytic techniques, including exact
solutions and Smoluchowski-type approximations. Starting from the microscopic
reaction-diffusion master equation, we then pedagogically detail the mapping to
a field theory for the single-species reaction k A -> l A (l < k). We employ
this particularly simple but non-trivial system to introduce the
field-theoretic RG tools, including the diagrammatic perturbation expansion,
renormalization, and Callan-Symanzik RG flow equation. We demonstrate how these
techniques permit the calculation of universal quantities such as density decay
exponents and amplitudes via perturbative eps = d_c - d expansions with respect
to the upper critical dimension d_c. With these basics established, we then
provide an overview of more sophisticated applications to multiple species
reactions, disorder effects, L'evy flights, persistence problems, and the
influence of spatial boundaries. We also analyze field-theoretic approaches to
nonequilibrium phase transitions separating active from absorbing states. We
focus particularly on the generic directed percolation universality class, as
well as on the most prominent exception to this class: even-offspring branching
and annihilating random walks. Finally, we summarize the state of the field and
present our perspective on outstanding problems for the future.Comment: 10 figures include
The stable index of digraphs
The stable index of a digraph is defined to be the smallest integer
such that contains two distinct -walks with the same initial vertex
and terminal vertex if such an integer exists; otherwise the stable index of
is defined to be . We characterize the set of stable indices of
digraphs with a given order
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