Gaze-based Presentation Attack Detection for Users Wearing Tinted Glasses

Biometric authentication is vulnerable to presentation (spoofing) attacks. It is important to address the security vulnerability of spoofing attacks where an attacker uses an artefact presented at the sensor to subvert the system. Gaze-tracking has been proposed for such attack detection. In this paper, we explore the sensitivity of a gaze-based approach to spoofing detection in the presence of eye-glasses that may impact detection performance. In particular, we investigate the use of partially tinted glasses such as may be used in hazardous environments or outdoors in mobile application scenarios The attack scenarios considered in this work include the use of projected photos, 2D and 3D masks. A gaze-based spoofing detection system has been extensively evaluated using data captured from volunteers performing genuine attempts (with and without wearing such tinted glasses) as well as spoofing attempts using various artefacts. The results of the evaluations indicate that the presence of tinted glasses has a small impact on the accuracy of attack detection, thereby making the use of such gaze-based features possible for a wider range of applications

Biometric Presentation Attack Detection for Mobile Devices Using Gaze Information

Facial recognition systems are among the most widely deployed in biometric applications. However, such systems are vulnerable to presentation attacks (spoofing), where a person tries to disguise as someone else by mimicking their biometric data and thereby gaining access to the system. Significant research attention has been directed toward developing robust strategies for detecting such attacks and thus assuring the security of these systems in real-world applications. This thesis is focused on presentation attack detection for face recognition systems using a gaze tracking approach. The proposed challenge-response presentation attack detection system assesses the gaze of the user in response to a randomly moving stimulus on the screen. The user is required to track the moving stimulus with their gaze with natural head/eye movements. If the response is adequately similar to the challenge, the access attempt is seen as genuine. The attack scenarios considered in this work included the use of hand held displayed photos, 2D masks, and 3D masks. Due to the nature of the proposed challenge-response approaches for presentation attack detection, none of the existing public databases were appropriate and a new database has been collected. The Kent Gaze Dynamics Database (KGDD) consists of 2,400 sets of genuine and attack-based presentation attempts collected from 80 participants. The use of a mobile device were simulated on a desktop PC for two possible geometries corresponding to mobile phone and tablet devices. Three different types of challenge trajectories were used in this data collection exercise. A number of novel gaze-based features were explored to develop the presentation attack detection algorithm. Initial experiments using the KGDD provided an encouraging indication of the potential of the proposed system for attack detection. In order to explore the feasibility of the scheme on a real hand held device, another database, the Mobile KGDD (MKGDD), was collected from 30 participants using a single mobile device (Google Nexus 6), to test the proposed features. Comprehensive experimental analysis has been performed on the two collected databases for each of the proposed features. Performance evaluation results indicate that the proposed gaze-based features are effective in discriminating between genuine and presentation attack attempts

Directed Gaze Trajectories for Biometric Presentation Attack Detection

Presentation attack artefacts can be used to subvert the operation of biometric systems by being presented to the sensors of such systems. In this work, we propose the use of visual stimuli with randomised trajectories to stimulate eye movements for the detection of such spoofing attacks. The presentation of a moving visual challenge is used to ensure that some pupillary motion is stimulated and then captured with a camera. Various types of challenge trajectories are explored on different planar geometries representing prospective devices where the challenge could be presented to users. To evaluate the system, photo, 2D mask and 3D mask attack artefacts were used and pupillary movement data were captured from 80 volunteers performing genuine and spoofing attempts. The results support the potential of the proposed features for the detection of biometric presentation attacks

Armed glances: the history and culture of sunglasses & cool

The thesis sets out to explore the enduring and widespread appeal of sunglasses in western popular culture as evident in the fields of fashion, film and advertising. The emergence of sunglasses as a fashion accessory is established through evidence from UK and US fashion magazines of the early Twentieth century, optical trade and professional journals and the collection of sunglasses and tinted spectacles held by the British Optical Association. The strong association in popular culture between sunglasses and contemporary notions of ‘cool’ is explored through analysis of images of sunglasses, consideration of their function as a ‘material agent’, existing histories and theories of ‘cool’, modernity and attendant changes to emotional culture, behaviour and personality. The relationship between sunglasses, vision and the gaze is also considered as the study explores the potential meanings of the shaded eye in these contexts

An Analysis of Eye Movements With Helmet Mounted Displays

Helmet or Head-Mounted Displays (HMD) applications have expanded to include a range from advanced military cockpits to consumer glasses. However, users have documented loss of legibility while undergoing vibration. Recent research indicates that undesirable eye movement is related to the vibration frequency a user experiences. In vibrating environments, two competing eye reflexes likely contribute to eye movements. The Vestibulo-ocular Reflex responds to motion sensed in the otoliths while the pursuit reflex is driven by the visual system to maintain the desired image on the fovea. This study attempts to isolate undesirable eye motions that occur while using a HMD by participants completing simple visual tasks while experiencing vertical vibration at frequencies between 0 and 10 Hz. Data collected on participants\u27 head and helmet movements, vibration frequency, acceleration level, and visual task are compared to eye movements to develop a method to understand the source of the unintended eye movements. Through the use of Electro- Oculography (EOG) eye movements were largest when a 4 Hz vibration frequency was applied, and are significantly different from the EOG signal at 2, 8 and 10 Hz. Stepwise regression indicated that head pitch acceleration and helmet slippage pitch acceleration were correlated with EOG values

Internal practice management

A Doctoral dissertation reviewing the current literature concerning the methods employed in marketing of an optometric practice (from within), using an existing patient base; hence the term Internal Practice Management. The main objective of this thesis is to present several methods to effectively manage an existing patient base. Several marketing strategies are discussed, including specific information on preappointments, recall, referral and former patient reactivation. Discussions within will also include new patient treatment, exam marketing as well as newsletter and brochure how to\u27s in conjunction with telephone scripts prepared for your staff so all telephone inquiries will be handled with professionalism. Chapter Two describes the Perfect practice to buy, and this thesis would be most beneficial for the new(looking for a practice)graduate who could be faced with the following financial terms from a retiring Optometrist: Net annual income for the next ten years during the buy-out period: -$30,000.00--Depressing isn\u27t it? But, if the practice in question was in a qrowth area and if the retiring O.D. has been doing limited or no recall and/or poor internal practice building techniques, then this seemingly meager net income could be turned around quite nicely in a relatively short time. Marketing an optometric practice requires attention to both INTERNAL and EXTERNAL communications with your patients. Patients have only a limited knowledge of optometry; they often form perceptions about the quality of care based on you and your staff\u27s communication skills. These skills are the focus of the chapters titled Interreferral marketing and Staff marketing. The management principles contained hearin are modifiable to all optometric marketing situtations. An integrative marketing approach must be developed before any capital is commited towards accquiring a new practice. The key to any new marketing idea is follow through and tracking. It is these two functions that will make or break your marketing bottom-line profits. staff follow-through can be motivated with incentive and tracking methods. The dissertation concludes that the optometric training institutions should look beyond optics and health-related issues in their curriculum. Management and marketing must also be integrated so as to allow students the much needed insight to succeed on their own in the increasingly competitive profession of optometry. Internal practice management is basically patient communication11 at its finest. Relay to all your patients a sincere caring attitude and you will reep many rewards. Remember, patients don\u27t care how much you know, until they know how much you care

Colored overlays and symbol identification in pre-school children with disabilities

The purpose of this study was to determine if pre-school children, with and without disabilities, could identify symbols more accurately while looking at the symbols through colored overlays; The LEA Playing Cards and the LEA Near Vision Test were used to assess the ability to point to a symbol. To screen for the preferred color overlay the Cerium Colour Overlays were used; Eighteen children, aged 3 to 5 years participated. Nine were children with disabilities, nine were children without disabilities; A screening determined if each child could match four common symbols by pointing. Three groups were formed. Each group included three children with disabilities and three children without disabilities; A Pretest involved having each child point to four symbols on the LEA Near Vision Test first with the Test card was covered with a clear overlay, second with the preferred color overlay and, finally, with a randomly chosen non preferred color overlay. The Intervention procedure was the same as the Pretest procedure with the exception that each group used a different type of overlay. Group I used a clear overlay, Group II used the preferred color overlay, and Group III used the randomly chosen, non-preferred color overlay; The analyses included a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures between the Pretest scores and the Intervention scores, a one-way ANOVA comparing the Intervention scores between those with and without disabilities, a one-way ANOVA comparing the Intervention scores between the three groups, a two-way ANOVA comparing the interaction between the Intervention scores of the group factor and the disability factor, and a two-way ANOVA comparing the preferred color choices between the disability and overlay conditions; The results showed no statistically significant differences between the Pretest and Intervention accuracy scores. The results of the one-way ANOVA with repeated measures between the Pretest scores and Intervention scores did approach statistical significance of p = .089. Interaction between the group and disability factors were not statistically significant. There was a trend in which the children with disabilities achieved higher Intervention mean scores when using colored overlays. No single color dominated preference