Is the use of sentient animals in basic research justifiable?

Animals can be used in many ways in science and scientific research. Given that society values sentient animals and that basic research is not goal oriented, the question is raised: "Is the use of sentient animals in basic research justifiable?" We explore this in the context of funding issues, outcomes from basic research, and the position of society as a whole on using sentient animals in research that is not goal oriented. We conclude that the use of sentient animals in basic research cannot be justified in light of society's priorities

Are animal models predictive for humans?

It is one of the central aims of the philosophy of science to elucidate the meanings of scientific terms and also to think critically about their application. The focus of this essay is the scientific term predict and whether there is credible evidence that animal models, especially in toxicology and pathophysiology, can be used to predict human outcomes. Whether animals can be used to predict human response to drugs and other chemicals is apparently a contentious issue. However, when one empirically analyzes animal models using scientific tools they fall far short of being able to predict human responses. This is not surprising considering what we have learned from fields such evolutionary and developmental biology, gene regulation and expression, epigenetics, complexity theory, and comparative genomics

Greek-Arabic-Latin: The transmission of mathematical texts in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages many Greek mathematical and astronomical texts were translated from Greek into Arabic (ca. ninth century) and from Arabic into Latin (ca. twelfth century). There were many factors complicating the study of them, such as translation from or into other languages, redactions, multiple translations, and independently transmitted scholia. A literal translation risks less in loss of meaning, but can be clumsy. This article includes lists of translations and a large bibliography, divided into sections

T.S.S. Olympia, Dinner Menu, Thursday, November 7, 1963

Greek Line, T.S.S. Olympia. West Indies and South America Cruise. Dinner menu, Thursday, November 7, 1963

T.S.S. Olympia, Dinner Menu, Friday, November 8, 1963

Greek Line, T.S.S. Olympia. West Indies and South America Cruise. Dinner menu, Friday, November 8, 1963

T.S.S. Olympia, Dinner Menu, Saturday, November 2, 1963 (2nd copy)

Greek Line, T.S.S. Olympia. West Indies and South America Cruise. Lunch menu, Saturday, November 2, 1963

T.S.S. Olympia, Dinner Menu, Monday, November 11, 1963

Greek Line, T.S.S. Olympia. West Indies and South America Cruise. Dinner menu, Monday, November 11, 1963

Fourier transform infrared cell for surface studies at controlled temperatures and in controlled atmospheres with time resolution and spatial resolution

A new micro-Fourier transform infrared cell has been constructed and evaluated using (i) the transformation of aurichalcite crystals at 298-475 K, (ii) the adsorption/desorption of pyridine on a Cu2O/ZnO junction, and (iii) the adsorption of CO on Pt/alumina pellets; it enables spatial and time resolution of processes in such diverse samples held at known thermal and baric conditions. The potential of this cell in catalytic and analytical science is considered

T.S.S. Olympia, Dinner Menu, Saturday, November 9, 1963

Greek Line, T.S.S. Olympia. West Indies and South America Cruise. Dinner menu, Saturday, November 9, 1963

T.S.S. Olympia, Farewell Gala Dinner Menu, Wednesday, November 13, 1963

Greek Line, T.S.S. Olympia. West Indies and South America Cruise. Farewell Gala Dinner menu, Wednesday, November 13, 1963