3 research outputs found

    Interactive web-based visualization

    Get PDF
    The visualization of large amounts of data, which cannot be easily copied for processing on a user’s local machine, is not yet a fully solved problem. Remote visualization represents one possible solution approach to the problem, and has long been an important research topic. Depending on the device used, modern hardware, such as high-performance GPUs, is sometimes not available. This is another reason for the use of remote visualization. Additionally, due to the growing global networking and collaboration among research groups, collaborative remote visualization solutions are becoming more important. The additional use of collaborative visualization solutions is eventually due to the growing global networking and collaboration among research groups. The attractiveness of web-based remote visualization is greatly increased by the wide availability of web browsers on almost all devices; these are available today on all systems - from desktop computers to smartphones. In order to ensure interactivity, network bandwidth and latency are the biggest challenges that web-based visualization algorithms have to solve. Despite the steady improvements in available bandwidth, these improvements are still significantly slower than, for example, processor performance, resulting in increasing the impact of this bottleneck. For example, visualization of large dynamic data in low-bandwidth environments can be challenging because it requires continuous data transfer. However, bandwidth improvement alone cannot improve the latency because it is also affected by factors such as the distance between server and client and network utilization. To overcome these challenges, a combination of techniques is needed to customize the individual processing steps of the visualization pipeline, from efficient data representation to hardware-accelerated rendering on the client side. This thesis first deals with related work in the field of remote visualization with a particular focus on interactive web-based visualization and then presents techniques for interactive visualization in the browser using modern web standards such as WebGL and HTML5. These techniques enable the visualization of dynamic molecular data sets with more than one million atoms at interactive frame rates using GPU-based ray casting. Due to the limitations which exist in a browser-based environment, the concrete implementation of the GPU-based ray casting had to be customized. Evaluation of the resulting performance shows that GPU-based techniques enable the interactive rendering of large data sets and achieve higher image quality compared to polygon-based techniques. In order to reduce data transfer times and network latency, and improve rendering speed, efficient approaches for data representation and transmission are used. Furthermore, this thesis introduces a GPU-based volume-ray marching technique based on WebGL 2.0, which uses progressive brick-wise data transfer, as well as multiple levels of detail in order to achieve interactive volume rendering of datasets stored on a server. The concepts and results presented in this thesis contribute to the further spread of interactive web-based visualization. The algorithmic and technological advances that have been achieved form a basis for further development of interactive browser-based visualization applications. At the same time, this approach has the potential for enabling future collaborative visualization in the cloud.Die Visualisierung großer Datenmengen, welche nicht ohne Weiteres zur Verarbeitung auf den lokalen Rechner des Anwenders kopiert werden können, ist ein bisher nicht zufriedenstellend gelöstes Problem. Remote-Visualisierung stellt einen möglichen Lösungsansatz dar und ist deshalb seit langem ein relevantes Forschungsthema. AbhĂ€ngig vom verwendeten EndgerĂ€t ist moderne Hardware, wie etwa performante GPUs, teilweise nicht verfĂŒgbar. Dies ist ein weiterer Grund fĂŒr den Einsatz von Remote-Visualisierung. Durch die zunehmende globale Vernetzung und Kollaboration von Forschungsgruppen gewinnt kollaborative Remote-Visualisierung zusĂ€tzlich an Bedeutung. Die AttraktivitĂ€t web-basierter Remote-Visualisierung wird durch die weitreichende VerfĂŒgbarkeit von Web-Browsern auf nahezu allen EndgerĂ€ten enorm gesteigert; diese sind heutzutage auf allen Systemen - vom Desktop-Computer bis zum Smartphone - vorhanden. Bei der GewĂ€hrleistung der InteraktivitĂ€t sind Bandbreite und Latenz der Netzwerkverbindung die grĂ¶ĂŸten Herausforderungen, welche von web-basierten Visualisierungs-Algorithmen gelöst werden mĂŒssen. Trotz der stetigen Verbesserungen hinsichtlich der verfĂŒgbaren Bandbreite steigt diese signifikant langsamer als beispielsweise die Prozessorleistung, wodurch sich die Auswirkung dieses Flaschenhalses immer weiter verstĂ€rkt. So kann beispielsweise die Visualisierung großer dynamischer Daten in Umgebungen mit geringer Bandbreite eine Herausforderung darstellen, da kontinuierlicher Datentransfer benötigt wird. Dennoch kann die alleinige Verbesserung der Bandbreite keine entsprechende Verbesserung der Latenz bewirken, da diese zudem von Faktoren wie der Distanz zwischen Server und Client sowie der Netzwerkauslastung beeinflusst wird. Um diese Herausforderungen zu bewĂ€ltigen, wird eine Kombination verschiedener Techniken fĂŒr die Anpassung der einzelnen Verarbeitungsschritte der Visualisierungspipeline benötigt, angefangen bei effizienter DatenreprĂ€sentation bis hin zu hardware-beschleunigtem Rendering auf der Client-Seite. Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich zunĂ€chst mit verwandten Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Remote-Visualisierung mit besonderem Fokus auf interaktiver web-basierter Visualisierung und prĂ€sentiert danach Techniken fĂŒr die interaktive Visualisierung im Browser mit Hilfe moderner Web-Standards wie WebGL und HTML5. Diese Techniken ermöglichen die Visualisierung dynamischer molekularer DatensĂ€tze mit mehr als einer Million Atomen bei interaktiven Frameraten durch die Verwendung GPU-basierten Raycastings. Aufgrund der EinschrĂ€nkungen, welche in einer Browser-basierten Umgebung vorliegen, musste die konkrete Implementierung des GPU-basierten Raycastings angepasst werden. Die Evaluation der daraus resultierenden Performanz zeigt, dass GPU-basierte Techniken das interaktive Rendering von großen DatensĂ€tzen ermöglichen und eine im Vergleich zu Polygon-basierten Techniken höhere BildqualitĂ€t erreichen. Zur Verringerung der Übertragungszeiten, Reduktion der Latenz und Verbesserung der Darstellungsgeschwindigkeit werden effiziente AnsĂ€tze zur DatenreprĂ€sentation und ĂŒbertragung verwendet. Des Weiteren wird in dieser Doktorarbeit eine GPU-basierte Volumen-Ray-Marching-Technik auf Basis von WebGL 2.0 eingefĂŒhrt, welche progressive blockweise DatenĂŒbertragung verwendet, sowie verschiedene Detailgrade, um ein interaktives Volumenrendering von auf dem Server gespeicherten DatensĂ€tzen zu erreichen. Die in dieser Doktorarbeit prĂ€sentierten Konzepte und Resultate tragen zur weiteren Verbreitung von interaktiver web-basierter Visualisierung bei. Die erzielten algorithmischen und technologischen Fortschritte bilden eine Grundlage fĂŒr weiterfĂŒhrende Entwicklungen von interaktiven Visualisierungsanwendungen auf Browser-Basis. Gleichzeitig hat dieser Ansatz das Potential, zukĂŒnftig kollaborative Visualisierung in der Cloud zu ermöglichen

    Linking intercellular forces to colony dynamics and fitness in bacterial populations

    Get PDF
    Biofilm formation is a collective phenomenon of prokaryotic systems. Within biofilms cells show enhanced resistance against environmental stresses. Bacteria can use type 4 pili (T4P) for active force generation, adhesion and formation of biofilms. The first part of this work focusses on T4P-mediated single cell interactions. These interactions are quantified by means of laser tweezers and connected to dynamics of early biofilms. The second part of this work focusses on the interplay of T4P-mediated single cell interactions, evolution and structure of macroscopic biofilms. Genome sequencing in combination with phenotypic analysis is used to connect mutations to interbacterial interaction and collective phenomena. Using a dual laser trap, we showed that the waiting time distribution of cell-cell interaction events is comparable to the waiting time distribution of cell-bead interaction events. Monomers of T4P are post-translationally modified. We observe that cell-cell rupture forces and binding kinetics are fine-tuned by pilin glycosylation and phosphoform modification pathways. In addition, intercellular binding kinetics change with varying T4P-motor activity. These microscopic findings are correlated with results from mesoscopic multicellular systems. Our data indicate that diversification of rupture forces and binding probabilities induces cell sorting. Fusion dynamics of multicellular aggregates shows liquid-like behavior. T4P-mediated interaction kinetics regulate these dynamics and strongly affect the material properties surface tension and viscosity. For a long time T4P mediated force generation was thought to be coupled to the retraction ATPase PilT, which is essential for twitching motility and multicellular dynamics. However, we observed that force generation by T4P retraction occurs without retraction ATPase PilT. We demonstrate that retraction in the absence of PilT is independent of proton motive force and of the pilT-paralogues pilU and pilT2. Retraction is two orders of magnitude slower than pilT-driven T4P retraction and stalls frequently at opposing forces smaller than 10 pN. Furthermore, the velocity of pilT-independent T4P retraction depends on the opposing force and the periplasmatic PilE-concentration. Previous studies show that positioning of individual cells within biofilms governs dispersal, growth, nutrient consumption and collective protection against environmental stresses. We tested whether tuning of T4P-mediated interaction forces governs positioning and affects population dynamics of expanding biofilms. Our data shows that weakly interacting cells without T4P segregate to the periphery of growing populations and show a strong selective advantage. Spatially resolved sequencing demonstrates that pilin antigenic- and phase-variation are natural mechanisms that generate a standing diversity of pilin sequences within the populations and cause segregation of subpopulations. Populations evolving in liquid medium favor dispersive arrangements over dense aggregation while maintaining their ability to use T4P for active force-generation. Whole genome sequencing data suggests, that mutations in pilC and pilE are likely to be involved in changing intercellular T4P-mediated interactions as to enable disperse arrangements. In conclusion, different pilin post-translational modifications and variations in motor activity fine-tune attractive T4P-mediated interactions. Altered single-cell interactions affect cell communities and have drastic effects on material properties of multicellular systems. Investigation of T4P retraction in the absence of pilT indicates that PilT-independent T4P retraction is a universal T4P phenomenon. Our results suggest that T4P-mediated interactions are subject to rapid evolution, which enables cells to change and adjust aggregation, and react to environmental conditions
    corecore