The Effect of Relational and Interactive Aspects of Parasocial Experiences on Attitudes and Message Resistance

This study examines direct and interaction effects of parasocial interactions (PSIs) and relationships (PSRs) on message resistance (reactance and counterarguing) and message-consistent attitudes. PSI involves the give-and-take within the media encounter, whereas PSR entails the relational bonding with the media figure that continues to exist outside the context of any particular media exposure. A 2 (high/low PSI) × 2 (high/low PSR) experiment revealed that PSI (but not PSR) can increase message resistance, particularly when PSR is low. No significant effects of PSR/PSI on attitudes were found. The study suggests that, contrary to past theorization, PSIs may facilitate, rather than reduce, message resistance. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of considering PSIs and PSRs as distinct constructs in media effects research

Efek Pengungkapan Pos Berbayar di Instagram Terhadap Intensi Membeli dan Preferensi Produk

Sebagai dampak dari pembaruan ketentuan penggunaan Instagram, kini pos Instagram yang diunggah atas dasar afiliasi bisnis dengan sebuah merek diharuskan menyertakan disclosure language berupa keterangan “paid partnership” di bagian atas pos. Keterangan ini diprediksi dapat melemahkan intensi membeli dan preferensi konsumen terhadap produk yang diiklankan. Efek ini pun diprediksi akan diperkuat oleh kemampun individu dalam merekognisi iklan, tetapi dilemahkan oleh pengalaman individu menggunakan produk dari merek yang sama dengan produk dalam iklan. Untuk menjawab prediksi ini, peneliti melaksanakan sebuah studi eksperimental dengan dua variasi kelompok IV (pos Instagram berbayar dengan disclosure language vs tanpa disclosure language) yang melibatkan 312 partisipan. Kemampuan rekognisi iklan dan pengalaman menggunakan merek diposisikan sebagai moderator. Sesuai prediksi, keterangan paid partnership berdampak negatif terhadap intensi membeli, tetapi tidak terbukti mempengaruhi preferensi produk. Sementara itu, bertentangan dengan prediksi, kemampuan rekognisi iklan justru memperkuat intensi membeli individu setelah melihat pos Instagram dengan DL. Namun, kemampuan rekognisi iklan memang mampu melemahkan preferensi individu terhadap produk setelah melihat iklan dengan DL. Pengalaman menggunakan produk dari suatu merek terbukti mampu menimbulkan intensi membeli dan preferensi konsumen yang lebih kuat terhadap produk lain dari merek yang sama

The psychological mechanisms of persuasive impact from narrative communication

This paper develops and tests a comprehensive psychological model of how narrative messages persuade. In this model, perceived realism and perceived similarity are considered as the antecedents of narrative engagement variables. There are three forms of narrative engagement, transportation, identification, and parasocial interaction, which are conceptualized as the primary mediating mechanisms. Message elaboration and psychological reactance are proposed as the secondary mediating mechanisms. A web-based study (N = 374) was conducted to test this complex model. Four video clips on sexual health topics from wellknown television series were used as the stimuli. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses showed that perceived realism and perceived similarity were antecedents of narrative engagement. There was conceptual overlap between the narrative engagement variables, but they remained distinct from each other. There was no unique effect on persuasion from parasocial interaction. There was evidence for direct effects on persuasion from transportation and identification, as well as their indirect effects through reducing psychological reactance. However, message elaboration was found to be negatively associated with message perception. Implications for narrative communication in general and future studies were discussed

Let Me Think about It: Cognitive Elaboration and Strategies of Resistance to Political Persuasion

Although individuals have a whole arsenal of resistance strategies they can use to defend their attitude against a persuasion attack, resistance has often been simplified to counterarguing. This article advances previous studies by considering eight distinct resistance strategies and analyzing their isolated and intertwined effect on attitude change. We further ask under what circumstances they work most effectively to curb persuasion by looking at their interaction with cognitive elaboration – that is, thoughtful and systematic processing. We present new evidence from a study conducted on a sample of American citizens (N = 528) and use a quasi-experimental design in which respondents are exposed to a tailored counterargument on a political issue. The results suggest that it is not the use of the isolated resistance strategies but that it is overall effort individuals put into resisting that help them to defend their attitude, and that this effect is reinforced by cognitive elaboration

Agent support model for behaviour change intervention

Agent applications have been widely used in decision making process and behaviour change interventions nowadays which might be due to the four unique features of agent proactiveness, reactivity, social ability and autonomy.However, psychological reactance has been identified as a limiting cause of agent interventions. Although, many studies have investigated into both psychological reactance and behaviour change nevertheless the mechanism behind factors interaction that generate reactance during behaviour change interventions (BCI) have not be well studied. Also, how reactive intervention can be supported to obtain an improved behaviour change intervention is still lacking in most previous studies. Therefore, this paper explored dynamic system in differential equation analysis to obtained an agent support model for behaviour change intervention which explicitly describes factors interaction leading to reactance and behaviour change. The model depicts how reactive intervention can be supported to obtain an improved behaviour change intervention. Specifically, this model is tailored to computer or software mediated intervention like agent, avatar, and animation. This paper will aid and guide agent intervention designers to fully comprehend the mechanism behind factors that enhance successful and efficient intervention for their design

Receptive to an authoritative voice? Experimental evidence on how patronizing language and stressing institutional sources affect public receptivity to nutrition information

Common strategies to make official nutrition information more persuasive include highlighting its institutional sources and using simple and direct language. However, such strategies may be counterproductive, as institutions are no longer self-evidently deemed to be legitimate in contemporary societies and such language can be viewed as patronizing. Our preregistered, population-based survey experiment fielded among a high-quality Dutch probability sample in February 2022 (n = 1947) 1) examines whether these dominant strategies hold up when tested against suggestions of psychological reactance and source derogation, and 2) scrutinizes if such responses are stronger among less-educated citizens. Our experiment mirrored real-life examples of health-information campaigns concerning healthy and unhealthy beverages, with data collected on seven outcome measures to discern receptivity toward the information and its sources. We found that just highlighting institutional sources in the information did not lead to it being perceived more negatively. This was also the case when the language used could be perceived as patronizing, with reactance only present for one outcome measure. Moreover, while less-educated citizens were generally less receptive to nutrition information (six of seven outcome measures), versions that could possibly be perceived as patronizing or/and highlighted institutional sources did not make them less receptive systematically. Importantly, therefore, while our results show that the dominant health-communication strategies do not increase receptivity either, their use will probably not have a negative effect on the general public and so do not need to be discarded

Examining the relationship between experiences of discrimination and psychological reactance

Psychological reactance is a motivational state caused by a perceived threat to an individual\u27s freedom to behave as he or she chooses. In this state individuals are motivated to restore the perception of freedom. Past research on reactance has suggested that it is possible that repeatedly experiencing a reactive state may contribute to increasing trait reactance, which is the individual\u27s general tendency to experience reactance in a given situation. Research on discrimination has suggested that experiencing discrimination may induce a reactive state, but has not empirically tested that idea. Study 1 hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation between the amount of discrimination perceived by an individual and the individual\u27s level of trait reactance. Study 2 hypothesized that participants asked to recall a discriminatory event would experience more state reactance than those in the control condition. Study 1\u27s hypothesis was supported by correlations between the Perceived Discrimination Scale (Dowd, Milne, &Wise, 1991), the Therapeutic Reactance Scale, the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale (Hong, 1992) and the majority of the Hong subscales. A subjective measure of discrimination experienced due to group membership was also correlated with the same reactance scales. Study 2\u27s hypothesis was also supported when participants asked to recall a discriminatory incident scored significantly higher on cognitive and emotional measures designed to assess state reactance. Together the findings of both studies suggest that experiencing state reactance repeatedly throughout an individual\u27s life leads to an increase in that individual\u27s level of trait reactance. If trait reactance is a result of discriminatory experiences then, such information could help inform the therapeutic treatment of clients likely to have experienced discrimination --Document

Reactance and personality : assessing psychological reactance using a biopsychosocial and person-centered approach

This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01310-1Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Prof. Paulo Moreira, Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada, Rua de Moçambique 21 e 71, Porto 4100-348, Portugal. Email: [email protected] is a critical concept for understanding adolescents’ noncompliance and resistance to behavioral change. Traditionally, reactance has been conceptualized as a state comprising negative emotions and cognitions. However, research indicates that one’s proneness to reactance can be considered a personality trait. The present study aimed to develop a current understanding of individual differences in trait reactance from a biopsychosocial perspective. Adolescents (n = 1,837) completed Cloninger’s Junior Temperament and Character Inventory and two validated measures of trait reactance. A person-centered analytical approach was used to assess how clusters of adolescents with distinct temperament profiles, character profiles (Latent Profile Analysis), and integrated temperament-character personality networks (Latent Class Analysis) differed in reactance. High reactance was characteristic of adolescents with temperament profiles involving high novelty seeking and low harm avoidance. High behavioral reactance was characteristic of adolescents with immature character profiles. Finally, high reactance was characteristic of adolescents with integrated personality networks reflecting emotional instability, immature intentionality, and low self-awareness. This study expands current knowledge by showing how individual differences in trait reactance correspond to structural differences in personality. Specifically, our findings indicate that high trait reactance in adolescents is an expression of maladaptive organizations of biopsychosocial processes. This more nuanced understanding of trait reactance can aid the development of contexts (e.g. clinical, educational, society, communication) for promoting positive outcomes in adolescents will all types of personalit

Compliance with COVID-19 Mitigation Measures in the United States

The COVID-19 mitigation measures require a fundamental shift in human behavior. The present study assesses what factors influence Americans to comply with the stay at home and social distancing measures. It analyzes data from an online survey, conducted on April 3, 2020, of 570 participants from 35 states that have adopted such measures. The results show that while perceptual deterrence was not associated with compliance, people actually comply less when they fear the authorities. Further, two broad processes promote compliance. First, compliance depended on people’s capacity to obey the rules, opportunity to break the rules, and self-control. As such, compliance results from their own personal abilities and the context in which they live. Second, compliance depended on people’s intrinsic motivations, including substantive moral support and social norms. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for ensuring compliance to effectively mitigate the virus