1,117 research outputs found
Operads and Phylogenetic Trees
We construct an operad whose operations are the edge-labelled
trees used in phylogenetics. This operad is the coproduct of ,
the operad for commutative semigroups, and , the operad with unary
operations corresponding to nonnegative real numbers, where composition is
addition. We show that there is a homeomorphism between the space of -ary
operations of and , where
is the space of metric -trees introduced by Billera, Holmes
and Vogtmann. Furthermore, we show that the Markov models used to reconstruct
phylogenetic trees from genome data give coalgebras of . These
always extend to coalgebras of the larger operad ,
since Markov processes on finite sets converge to an equilibrium as time
approaches infinity. We show that for any operad , its coproduct with
contains the operad constucted by Boardman and Vogt. To
prove these results, we explicitly describe the coproduct of operads in terms
of labelled trees.Comment: 48 pages, 3 figure
On surgery along Brunnian links in 3-manifolds
We consider surgery moves along (n+1)-component Brunnian links in compact
connected oriented 3-manifolds, where the framing of the each component is 1/k
for k in Z. We show that no finite type invariant of degree < 2n-2 can detect
such a surgery move. The case of two link-homotopic Brunnian links is also
considered. We relate finite type invariants of integral homology spheres
obtained by such operations to Goussarov-Vassiliev invariants of Brunnian
links.Comment: This is the version published by Algebraic & Geometric Topology on 13
December 200
Automorphism Groups of Geometrically Represented Graphs
We describe a technique to determine the automorphism group of a
geometrically represented graph, by understanding the structure of the induced
action on all geometric representations. Using this, we characterize
automorphism groups of interval, permutation and circle graphs. We combine
techniques from group theory (products, homomorphisms, actions) with data
structures from computer science (PQ-trees, split trees, modular trees) that
encode all geometric representations.
We prove that interval graphs have the same automorphism groups as trees, and
for a given interval graph, we construct a tree with the same automorphism
group which answers a question of Hanlon [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc 272(2), 1982].
For permutation and circle graphs, we give an inductive characterization by
semidirect and wreath products. We also prove that every abstract group can be
realized by the automorphism group of a comparability graph/poset of the
dimension at most four
Tree homology and a conjecture of Levine
In his study of the group of homology cylinders, J. Levine made the
conjecture that a certain homomorphism eta': T -> D' is an isomorphism. Here T
is an abelian group on labeled oriented trees, and D' is the kernel of a
bracketing map on a quasi-Lie algebra. Both T and D' have strong connections to
a variety of topological settings, including the mapping class group, homology
cylinders, finite type invariants, Whitney tower intersection theory, and the
homology of the group of automorphisms of the free group. In this paper, we
confirm Levine's conjecture. This is a central step in classifying the
structure of links up to grope and Whitney tower concordance, as explained in
other papers of this series. We also confirm and improve upon Levine's
conjectured relation between two filtrations of the group of homology
cylinders
The Algebra of Binary Search Trees
We introduce a monoid structure on the set of binary search trees, by a
process very similar to the construction of the plactic monoid, the
Robinson-Schensted insertion being replaced by the binary search tree
insertion. This leads to a new construction of the algebra of Planar Binary
Trees of Loday-Ronco, defining it in the same way as Non-Commutative Symmetric
Functions and Free Symmetric Functions. We briefly explain how the main known
properties of the Loday-Ronco algebra can be described and proved with this
combinatorial point of view, and then discuss it from a representation
theoretical point of view, which in turns leads to new combinatorial properties
of binary trees.Comment: 49 page
Affine actions on non-archimedean trees
We initiate the study of affine actions of groups on -trees for a
general ordered abelian group ; these are actions by dilations rather
than isometries. This gives a common generalisation of isometric action on a
-tree, and affine action on an -tree as studied by I. Liousse. The
duality between based length functions and actions on -trees is
generalised to this setting. We are led to consider a new class of groups:
those that admit a free affine action on a -tree for some .
Examples of such groups are presented, including soluble Baumslag-Solitar
groups and the discrete Heisenberg group.Comment: 27 pages. Section 1.4 expanded, typos corrected from previous versio
The Weight Function in the Subtree Kernel is Decisive
Tree data are ubiquitous because they model a large variety of situations,
e.g., the architecture of plants, the secondary structure of RNA, or the
hierarchy of XML files. Nevertheless, the analysis of these non-Euclidean data
is difficult per se. In this paper, we focus on the subtree kernel that is a
convolution kernel for tree data introduced by Vishwanathan and Smola in the
early 2000's. More precisely, we investigate the influence of the weight
function from a theoretical perspective and in real data applications. We
establish on a 2-classes stochastic model that the performance of the subtree
kernel is improved when the weight of leaves vanishes, which motivates the
definition of a new weight function, learned from the data and not fixed by the
user as usually done. To this end, we define a unified framework for computing
the subtree kernel from ordered or unordered trees, that is particularly
suitable for tuning parameters. We show through eight real data classification
problems the great efficiency of our approach, in particular for small
datasets, which also states the high importance of the weight function.
Finally, a visualization tool of the significant features is derived.Comment: 36 page
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