Engineering test facility design definition

The Engineering Test Facility (ETF) is the major focus of the Department of Energy (DOE) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Program to facilitate commercialization and to demonstrate the commercial operability of MHD/steam electric power. The ETF will be a fully integrated commercial prototype MHD power plant with a nominal output of 200 MW sub e. Performance of this plant is expected to meet or surpass existing utility standards for fuel, maintenance, and operating costs; plant availability; load following; safety; and durability. It is expected to meet all applicable environmental regulations. The current design concept conforming to the general definition, the basis for its selection, and the process which will be followed in further defining and updating the conceptual design

Preparation And Analysis Of Evaporatively Bonded Superalloys For Use In Hydrogen Burning Gas Turbines

Superalloys for use in hydrogen-burning gas turbines must demonstrate long-term durability in environments that may be more corrosive than typical turbines due to the presence of impurities in the combusted syngas. This long-term durability implies high oxidation and spallation resistance to different types of corrosion attacks as well as a high strength to be able to withstand the residual stresses induced by the temperature gradients. The performance of these superalloys in these environments can only be realistically assessed if their design involves a good understanding of the types of microcontaminants present in the syngas as well as resulting stresses induced during high temperature operation. This work has two main goals: 1) Characterize the composition of typical syngas combustion flue gases and 2) Successfully fabricate bi-layer structures of iron- and nickel-based superalloys using evaporative metal bonding (EMB) and perform a finite element analysis to predict the stresses at the bonding surface at all temperatures

Montana Kaimin, November 6, 2008

Student newspaper of the University of Montana, Missoula.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/studentnewspaper/6224/thumbnail.jp

Montana Business Quarterly, Winter 2012

This is an academic publication produced by the Bureau of Business and Economic Research (BBER) at the University of Montana’s College of Business. This is volume 50, number 4.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/mtbusinessquarterly/1212/thumbnail.jp

Boyd Nelson, Lorraine Nelson, Stephen Whitlock and Sheila Whitlock v. Provo City, a Municipal Corporation, Albert Kanahele, In Capacity as Project Manager of East Bay Business Center, Gary Golightly, In Capacity as Head of Provo City Redevelopment Department, and all other persons claiming an interest adverse to plantiffs\u27 in 900 South University Avenue and John Does 1 through 10 : Reply Brief

REPLY BRIEF OF APPELLANT

The Frontier, May 1931

This is volume 11, number 4.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/frontier/1035/thumbnail.jp

Disk MHD generator study

Directly-fired, separately-fired, and oxygen-augmented MHD power plants incorporating a disk geometry for the MHD generator were studied. The base parameters defined for four near-optimum-performance MHD steam power systems of various types are presented. The finally selected systems consisted of (1) two directly fired cases, one at 1920 K (2996F) preheat and the other at 1650 K (2500 F) preheat, (2) a separately-fired case where the air is preheated to the same level as the higher temperature directly-fired cases, and (3) an oxygen augmented case with the same generator inlet temperature of 2839 (4650F) as the high temperature directly-fired and separately-fired cases. Supersonic Mach numbers at the generator inlet, gas inlet swirl, and constant Hall field operation were specified based on disk generator optimization. System pressures were based on optimization of MHD net power. Supercritical reheat stream plants were used in all cases. Open and closed cycle component costs are summarized and compared

Experimental development of a fire management model for Jarrah (Eucalyptus Marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest.

Accumulations of flammable fuel and seasonal hot, dry weather has ensured that fire is an important environmental factor which has shaped jarrah forest ecosystems of south-west Western Australia. Today, fire impacts on all aspects of jarrah forest management, including timber and water production, recreation and wildlife conservation. Fire management involves controlling destructive wildfires and applying prescribed fires over a wide range of burning conditions to achieve a variety of protection, production and conservation objectives. A sound scientific understanding of the behaviour, physical impacts and long term ecological and commercial effects of fire is essential to planning and implementing fire regimes and suppression activities pertinent to current and foreseeable management. Existing forest fire behaviour guides developed in the 1960s from small low intensity experimental fires set under mild conditions perform adequately over the low fire intensity range, but are deficient at predicting the behaviour of moderate and high intensity fires burning under warm, dry conditions. Another shortcoming is that they do not attempt to predict physical impacts of fire which give rise to ecological responses or commercial losses. This thesis describes laboratory and field experiments designed to model the behaviour and some important physical impacts of fire in jarrah forest over a wide range of potential burning conditions. Fire behaviour and fire impact models were developed for a standardjarrah. forest fuel type; the structure, composition, dynamics and combustion properties of which were studied in detail. Most variation in equilibrium headfire rate of spread on level terrain was best explained by the product of a power function in wind speed and a power function in fuel moisture content. Headfire rate of spread was independent of the quantity of fuel per unit area. Forced convection and flame contact appeared to be the primary mechanisms for flame spread in wind driven fires which burnt across then down into the eucalypt litter fuel bed. Conversely, the rate of spread of zero wind fires and backfires was directly related to the quantity of fuel burnt, suggesting that radiation was the primary mechanism for flame spread in this situation. The transition from a fire spreading primarily by radiation to one spreading primarily by convection occurred at a wind speed of 3 - 4 km h-1. For zero wind conditions, rate of spread and slope were best related by an exponential equation form and fire shape was described by a power function in wind speed. Flame size was a function of rate of spread, fuel quantity consumed and fuel moisture content. Immediate physical impacts of fire on vegetation and soil were examined in three zones and coupled with fire behaviour variables and factors affecting heat transfer by fitted regression models. Impact above the flames (crown scorch height), was dependent on flame height, fire intensity and the season in which the fire occurred. Impacts in the flames (stem damage and mortality), were dependent on the quantity of fuel consumed, fire intensity and bark thickness. Soil heating was a function of the quantity of fuel consumed, soil moisture and fuel moisture. A soil heating index was developed which allows numerical characterisation of fire-induced soil heating. The fire behaviour and fire impact models developed by this thesis provide a scientifically based system for using fire as a tool for multiple use forest management

Physical phenomena controlling quiescent flame spread in porous wildland fuel beds

Despite well-developed solid surface flame spread theories, we still lack a coherent theory to describe flame spread through porous wildland fuel beds. This porosity results in additional complexity, reducing the thermal conductivity of the fuel bed, but allowing in-bed radiative and convective heat transfer to occur. While previous studies have explored the effect of fuel bed structure on the overall fire behaviour, there remains a need for further investigation of the effect of fuel structure on the underlying physical phenomena controlling flame spread. Through an extensive series of laboratory-based experiments, this thesis provides detailed, physics-based insights for quiescent flame spread through natural porous beds, across a range of structural conditions. Measurements are presented for fuel beds representative of natural field conditions within an area of the fire-prone New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve, which compliment a related series of field experiments conducted as part of a wider research project. Additional systematic investigation across a wider range of fuel conditions identified independent effects of fuel loading and bulk density on the spread rate, flame height and heat release rate. However, neither fuel loading nor bulk density alone provided adequate prediction of the resulting fire behaviour. Drawing on existing structural descriptors (for both natural and engineered fuel beds) an alternative parameter ασδ was proposed. This parameter (incorporating the fuel bed porosity (α), fuel element surface-to-volume ratio (σ), and the fuel bed height (δ)) was strongly correlated with the spread rate. One effect of the fuel bed structure is to influence the heat transfer mechanisms both above and within the porous fuel bed. Existing descriptions of radiation transport through porous fuel beds are often predicated on the assumption of an isotropic fuel bed. However, given their preferential angle of inclination, the pine needle beds in this study may not exhibit isotropic behaviour. Regardless, for the structural conditions investigated, horizontal heat transfer through the fuel bed was identified as the dominant heating mechanism within this quiescent flame spread scenario. However, the significance of heat transfer contributions from the above-bed flame generally increased with increasing ασδ value of the fuel bed. Using direct measurements of the heat flux magnitude and effective heating distance, close agreement was observed between experimentally observed spread rates and a simple thermal model considering only radiative heat transfer through the fuel bed, particularly at lower values of ασδ. Over-predictions occurred at higher ασδ values, or where other heat transfer terms were incorporated, which may highlight the need to include additional heat loss terms. A significant effect of fuel structure on the primary flow regimes, both within and above these porous fuel beds, was also observed, with important implications for the heat transfer and oxygen supply within the fuel bed. Independent effects of fuel loading and bulk density on both the buoyant and buoyancy-driven entrainment flow were observed, with a complex feedback cycle occurring between Heat Release Rate (HRR) and combustion behaviour. Generally, increases in fuel loading resulted in increased HRR, and therefore increased buoyant flow velocity, along with an increase in the velocity of flow entrained towards the combustion region. The complex effects of fuel structure in both the flaming and smouldering combustion phases may necessitate modifications to other common modelling approaches. The widely used Rothermel model under-predicted spread rate for higher bulk density and lower ασδ fuel beds. As previously suggested, an over-sensitivity to fuel bed height was observed, with experimental comparison indicating an under-prediction of reaction intensity at lower fuel heights. These findings have important implications particularly given the continuing widespread use of the Rothermel model, which continues to underpin elements of the BehavePlus fire modelling system and the US National Fire Danger Rating System. The physical insights, and modelling approaches, developed for this low-intensity, quiescent flame spread scenario, are applicable to common prescribed fire activities. It is hoped that this work (alongside complimentary laboratory and field experiments conducted by various authors as part of a wider multi-agency project (SERDP-RC2641)) will contribute to the emerging field of prescribed fire science, and help to address the pressing need for further development of fire prediction and modelling tools