Formation of feedforward networks and frequency synchrony by spike-timing-dependent plasticity

Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) with asymmetric learning windows is commonly found in the brain and useful for a variety of spike-based computations such as input filtering and associative memory. A natural consequence of STDP is establishment of causality in the sense that a neuron learns to fire with a lag after specific presynaptic neurons have fired. The effect of STDP on synchrony is elusive because spike synchrony implies unitary spike events of different neurons rather than a causal delayed relationship between neurons. We explore how synchrony can be facilitated by STDP in oscillator networks with a pacemaker. We show that STDP with asymmetric learning windows leads to self-organization of feedforward networks starting from the pacemaker. As a result, STDP drastically facilitates frequency synchrony. Even though differences in spike times are lessened as a result of synaptic plasticity, the finite time lag remains so that perfect spike synchrony is not realized. In contrast to traditional mechanisms of large-scale synchrony based on mutual interaction of coupled neurons, the route to synchrony discovered here is enslavement of downstream neurons by upstream ones. Facilitation of such feedforward synchrony does not occur for STDP with symmetric learning windows.Comment: 9 figure

Synaptic modification and entrained phase are phase dependent in STDP

Synapse strength can be modified in an activity dependent manner, in which the temporal relationship between pre- and post-synaptic spikes plays a major role. This spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) has profound implications in neural coding, computation and functionality, and this line of research is booming in recent years. Many functional roles of STDP have been put forward. Because the STDP learning curve is strongly nonlinear, initial state may have great impacts on the eventual state of the system. However, this feature has not been explored before. This paper proposes two possible functional roles of STDP by considering the influence of initial state in modeling studies. First, STDP could lead to phase-dependent synaptic modification that have been reported in experiments. Second, rather than leading to a fixed phase relation between pre- and post-synaptic neurons, STDP that includes suppression between the effects of spike pairs lead to a distributed entrained phase which also depend on the initial relative phase. This simple mechanism is proposed here to have the ability to organize temporal firing pattern into dynamic cell assemblies in a probabilistic manner and cause cell assemblies to update in a deterministic manner. It has been demonstrated that olfactory system in locust, and even other sensory systems, adopts the strategy of combining probabilistic cell assemblies with their deterministic update to encode information. These results suggest that STDP rule is a potentially powerful mechanism by which higher network functions emerge

STDP-driven networks and the \emph{C. elegans} neuronal network

We study the dynamics of the structure of a formal neural network wherein the strengths of the synapses are governed by spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). For properly chosen input signals, there exists a steady state with a residual network. We compare the motif profile of such a network with that of a real neural network of \emph{C. elegans} and identify robust qualitative similarities. In particular, our extensive numerical simulations show that this STDP-driven resulting network is robust under variations of the model parameters.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figure

Dendritic and Axonal Propagation Delays May Shape Neuronal Networks With Plastic Synapses

Biological neuronal networks are highly adaptive and plastic. For instance, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is a core mechanism which adapts the synaptic strengths based on the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes. In various fields of physiology, time delays cause a plethora of biologically relevant dynamical phenomena. However, time delays increase the complexity of model systems together with the computational and theoretical analysis burden. Accordingly, in computational neuronal network studies propagation delays were often neglected. As a downside, a classic STDP rule in oscillatory neurons without propagation delays is unable to give rise to bidirectional synaptic couplings, i.e., loops or uncoupled states. This is at variance with basic experimental results. In this mini review, we focus on recent theoretical studies focusing on how things change in the presence of propagation delays. Realistic propagation delays may lead to the emergence of neuronal activity and synaptic connectivity patterns, which cannot be captured by classic STDP models. In fact, propagation delays determine the inventory of attractor states and shape their basins of attractions. The results reviewed here enable to overcome fundamental discrepancies between theory and experiments. Furthermore, these findings are relevant for the development of therapeutic brain stimulation techniques aiming at shifting the diseased brain to more favorable attractor states

Structured Connectivity in Cerebellar Inhibitory Networks

SummaryDefining the rules governing synaptic connectivity is key to formulating theories of neural circuit function. Interneurons can be connected by both electrical and chemical synapses, but the organization and interaction of these two complementary microcircuits is unknown. By recording from multiple molecular layer interneurons in the cerebellar cortex, we reveal specific, nonrandom connectivity patterns in both GABAergic chemical and electrical interneuron networks. Both networks contain clustered motifs and show specific overlap between them. Chemical connections exhibit a preference for transitive patterns, such as feedforward triplet motifs. This structured connectivity is supported by a characteristic spatial organization: transitivity of chemical connectivity is directed vertically in the sagittal plane, and electrical synapses appear strictly confined to the sagittal plane. The specific, highly structured connectivity rules suggest that these motifs are essential for the function of the cerebellar network

Neuromodulation of Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity: Past, Present, and Future.

Spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity (STDP) is a leading cellular model for behavioral learning and memory with rich computational properties. However, the relationship between the millisecond-precision spike timing required for STDP and the much slower timescales of behavioral learning is not well understood. Neuromodulation offers an attractive mechanism to connect these different timescales, and there is now strong experimental evidence that STDP is under neuromodulatory control by acetylcholine, monoamines, and other signaling molecules. Here, we review neuromodulation of STDP, the underlying mechanisms, functional implications, and possible involvement in brain disorders.BBSR

Les effets de la neuromodulation non invasive sur les acouphènes

Les acouphènes touchent une grande proportion de Canadiens. Cette condition est associée à de nombreuses comorbidités et affecte de manière significative la qualité de vie des patients qui en souffrent. Malheureusement, les mécanismes de génération et de persistance des acouphènes sont méconnus et il demeure de nombreux questionnements dans la communauté scientifique. Notamment, aucun traitement curatif n’est disponible pour l’instant. Ce mémoire fait état des différents types d’acouphènes qui peuvent se manifester ainsi que des diverses thérapies étudiées pour le traitement des acouphènes. Les grands modèles neurobiologiques prédominants dans la littérature sont aussi présentés. De plus, ce mémoire étudie la neuromodulation non invasive comme nouvelle avenue de traitement pour les acouphènes. Nous avons réalisé une méta-analyse et une étude de modélisation afin d’évaluer l’efficacité de ce traitement pour les acouphènes ainsi que les impacts sur les substrats neurobiologiques des acouphènes. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que la neuromodulation non invasive magnétique (SMTr) diminue de manière statistiquement significative les scores d’évaluation de l’acouphène, et que ces effets sont plus marqués chez les femmes. Les résultats montrent aussi que la neuromodulation du cortex auditif est l’approche qui diminue le plus les acouphènes et qu’elle génère un champ électrique plus fort dans l’insula en comparaison à d’autres régions d’intérêt. Finalement, ce mémoire discute des principales méthodes d’évaluation des acouphènes ainsi que de l’effet placébo présent lors du traitement des acouphènes. Des parallèles avec la douleur chronique sont établis, afin d’orienter la recherche sur de prochains traitements. Le futur de la neuromodulation non invasive pour le traitement des acouphènes est aussi discuté en marge de perspectives et de limites du travail.Tinnitus impacts a large proportion of Canadians. It is linked to various comorbidities that significantly affect the quality of life of those who suffer from it. Unfortunately, generation and maintenance mechanisms are still unclear and numerous questions remain in the scientific community. Notably, no cure is available for tinnitus as of now. This dissertation reports the different types of tinnitus that can occur, besides the diverse therapies that have been reviewed for the treatment of tinnitus. The main neurobiological models of tinnitus prevailing in the literature are also presented. Furthermore, this dissertation investigates noninvasive neuromodulation as a new approach to treat tinnitus. A meta-analysis and modeling study have evaluated the efficacy of this treatment for tinnitus along with its impact on neurobiological substrates of tinnitus. The results of the study show that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) decreases statistically significantly tinnitus scores and that those effects are more marked in women. The results also show that noninvasive neuromodulation of the auditory cortex is the approach that decreases tinnitus the most and that this approach generates a stronger electric field in the insula among other regions of interest. Finally, this dissertation discusses the main methods to rate tinnitus and the placebo effect measured during tinnitus treatment. We also draw parallels with chronic pain, to orient prospective research. The future of noninvasive neuromodulation is also discussed in terms of treatment for tinnitus alongside perspectives and limits of the work